The    Student 


Ri  ES 


Of  Latin  Classics 


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^2^_yU^  /yy/ 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 


IN  MEMORY  OF 

PROFESSOR  WILLIAM  MERRILL 

AND 

MRS.  IMOGENE  MERRILL 


Roman  wearing  Toga. 


Cfje  Stutients'  Series  of  Hatin  Classies 
SELECTIONS 

FROM 

LHOMOND'S 
URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  OLUSTRES 

EDITED    BY 

GEORGE  MEASON  WHICHER 

PACKER   INSTITUTE 


LEACH,   SHEWELL,   AND    SANBORN 

BOSTON   NEW  YORK   CHICAGO 

1896 


GIFT 


Copyright,  1896, 
By  leach,   SHEWELL,  AND  SANBOEN. 


J.  S.  Cushiiig  &  Co.  -  Berwick  &  Smith 
Norwood  Mass.  U.S.A. 


PREFACE. 

Toward  the  end  of  the  first  year  of  the  preparatory  course 
in  Latin  there  is  often  felt  a  need  of  a  limited  amount  of  text 
simple  enough  to  fill  the  gap  between  the  beginners'  book  and 
the  work  of  the  second  year.  Such  a  need  this  book  under- 
takes to  fill.  It  does  not  aim  to  compete  with  the  admirable 
editions  of  the  same  te^t  recently  made  for  those  who  can 
afford  to  devote  more  than  a  few  weeks  to  reading  matter  of 
this  kind.  The  four  biographies  selected  comprise  about  thirty 
pages,  or  the  equivalent  of  a  book  of  Caesar's  Gallic  War,  — 
the  amount  recommended  by  several  committees  which  have 
recently  considered  the  subject  of  preparatory  work  in  Latin. 

At  this  stage  of  his  progress  it  is  assumed  that  the  pupil  has 
mastered  the  ordinary  forms  and  simpler  constructions  of  the 
language,  but  still  needs  much  detailed  instructions  on  the  more 
difficult  points.  References  to  the  grammars  most  widely  used 
have  been  freely  given,  and  whenever  it  seemed  necessary  or 
convenient  grammatical  information  has  been  incorporated  in 
the  notes.  While  the  editor  cannot  endorse  the  dictum  that 
such  material  should  be  called  to  a  pupil's  attention  only  when 
he  mistranslates  the  text,  he  feels  sure  no  reasonable  teacher 
will  require  a  pupil  to  master  all  the  principles  referred  to. 
At  any  rate,  no  pupil  will  do  so,  and  his  attention  should, 
therefore,  be  directed  especially  to  those  which  he  most  needs. 

V 


vi  PREFACE. 

With  the  exception  of  a  few  points,  the  text  conforms  to 
that  of  Holzer's  10th  edition  (Stuttgart,  1889).  Lewis's  Ele- 
mentary  Latin  Dictionary  has  been  followed  closely  in  spelling, 
word  division,  and  the  parts  of  verbs.  The  "hidden  "  quanti- 
ties, however,  are  marked  according  to  Marx  (Hilfsbiichlein, 
2d  ed.),  already  used  in  other  books  of  this  series. 

G.   M.   WHICHER. 

Packer  Institute,  September,  1896. 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

Gnaecs  Pompeius  Magnus    ....;..! 

Gaius  Julius  Caesar     ...••...  8 

Marcus  Tullius  Cicero 20 

Caesar  Octavianus  Augustus 27 

Notes 37 

Vocabulary 61 

vii 


GNAEUS   POMPEIUS   MAGNUS. 


B.C.  106-48. 


How  Pompey  saved  his  Father. 

Gnaeus  Pompeiiis,  stirpis  senatoriae,  bello  civlli 
se  et  patrem  consilio  servavit.  Cum  enim  Pomp^i 
pater  exercitui  suo  ob  avaritiam  esset  invisus,  facta 
in  eiim  conspiratione,  Terentiiis  quidam,  Gnaei  Pom- 
pei  fllii  contubernalis,  hunc  occTdendum  suscepit,  diim  5 
alii  tabernaciilum  patris  inceuderent.  Quae  res  cum 
iuveiii  Pompeio  c6nanti  nuntiata  esset,  nihil  periculo 
motus  solito  hilarius  bibit  et  cum  Terentio  eadem,  qua 
antea,  comitate  usus  est.  Deinde  cubiculum  ingressus 
clam  subduxit  se  tentorio  et  firmam  patri  circumdedit  lo 
custodiam.  Terentius  tum  d6stricto  ense  ad  lectum 
Pompel  accessit  multisque  ictibus  stragula  percussit. 
\^'  Orta  mox  seditione  Pompeius  se  in  media  coniecit 
agmina,  militesque  tumultuantes  precibus  et  lacrimis 
placavit  ac  duel  reconciliavit.  15 

Hovj  he  won  the  Favor  of  Sulla. 

Eodem  bello  Pompeius  partes  SuUae  secutus  ita 
se  gessit,  ut  ab  eo  maxima  dlligeretur.  Annos  tres 
et  viginti  natus,  ut  Sullae  auxilio  veniret,  paterni 
exercitus    reliquias    conlegit,    statimque    dux   peritus 


2  URBIS  ROMAE    VIRI  INLUSTRES. 

exstitit.  Magnus  illius  apud  militem  amor,  magna 
apud  omnes  admlratio  fuit;  nullus  ei  labor  taedio, 
nulla  defatigatio  molestiae  erat.  Cibi  vinique  tempe- 
rans,  somni  parous;  inter  milites  corpus  exerc6ns, 
5  cum  alacribus  saltti,  cum  velocibus  cursu,  cum  validis 
luctando  certabat.  Tum  ad  Sullam  iter  intendit  et 
in  eo  itinere  tres  hostium  exercittis  aut  fudit  aut  sibi 
adiunxit.  Quem  ubi  Sulla  ad  s6  accedere  audivit 
egregiamque  sub  signis  iuventutem  aspexit,  desiliit 
10  ex  equo  Pompeiumque  salutavit  imperatorem  et  postea 
ei  venienti  solebat  sella  adsurgere  et  caput  aperire 
et  equo  descendere,  quem  honorem  ngmini  nisi  Pom- 
p6io  tribuebat. 


Pompey  in  Sicily. 

Postea  Pompeius  in  Siciliam  profectus  est,  ut  eam 

15  a  Carbone,  Bullae  inimico,  occupatam  reciperet.    Carbo 

comprehensus   et   ad   Pompeium    ductus   est ;    quem 

Pompeius,  etsi  Carbo  muliebriter  mortem  extimescens 

demisse  et  flebiliter  mortem  deprecabatur,  ad  suppli- 

cium  dud  itissit.      Longe   moderatior   fuit  Pompeius 

20  erga  Sthenium,  Siciliae  ctiiusdam  civitatis  principem. 

Cum  enim  in  eam  civitatem  animadvertere  d^crevis- 

set,   quae   sibi   adversata  fuisset,  inlqu6   eum   factti- 

rum  Sthenius  exclamavit,  si  ob  unius  culpam  omnes 

puniret.      Interroganti  Pompeio    quisnam    ille    unus 

25  esset,  "  Ego,"  inquit  Sthenius,  "  qui  elves  meos  ad  id 

induxi."     Tam  libera  voce  delectatus  Pompeius  omni-  82 ' 

bus  et  Sthenic  ipsi  pepercit. 


GNAEUS  POMPEIUS  MAGNUS.  3 

His  First  Triumph. 

Transgressus  inde  in  Africam  larbam,  Numidiae 
regem,  qui  Marl  partibus  favebat,  bello  persecutus 
intra  dies  quadraginta  oppressit  et  Africam  subegit 
adulescens  quattuor  et  vigintl  annorum.  Deinde  cum 
litterae  ei  a  Sulla  redditae  essent,  quibus  exercitti  5 
dimisso  cum  una  legione  successorem  exspectare  iube- 
batur,  Pompeius,  quamquam  aegre  id  ferebat,  tamen 
paruit  et  Eomam  revertit.  Hevertenti  incredibilis 
hominum  multitude  obviam  Ivit ;  Sulla  quoque  laetus 
eum  excepit  et  Magni  cognomine  consalutavit.  Nihilo  lo 
minus  Pompeio  triumphum  petenti  restitit;  neque 
v6r6  ea  r6  a  proposito  deterritus  est  Pompeius  au- 
susque  dicere  pltires  adorare  solem  orientem  quam 
occidentem ;  quo  dicto  innuebat  Sullae  potentiam  mi- 
nui,  suam  crescere.  Ea  voce  audita  Sulla,  confidentia  15 
%i  adulescentis  perculsus  :  "  Triumphet !  triumphet ! " 
exclamavit. 

Pompey  conquers  Sertorius  in  Spain. 

Metello  iam  sen!  et  bellum  in  Hispania  segnius 
gerentl  conl6ga  datus  Pompeius  adversus  Sertorium 
vario  6ventu  dimic^vit.  Maximum  ibi  in  proelio  quC-  20 
dam  periculum  subiit;  cum  enim  vir  vastS,  corporis 
magnittidine  impetum  in  eum  fecisset,  Pompeius  ma- 
num  amputavit;  sed  multls  in  eum  concurrentibus 
volnus  in  femore  accepit  et  a  suis  fugientibus  desertus 
in  hostium  potestate  erat.  At  praeter  spem  evasit;  25 
barbari  enim  equum  eius  auro  phalerisque  eximiis 
mstructum  c6perant.  Dum  igitur  praedam  inter  sp 
altercantes  partiuntur,  Pompeius  eorum  manus  effugit. 


4  URBIS   ROMAE   VIRI  INLUSTRES. 

Altero  proelio  cum  Metellus  Pompgio  laboranti  auxilio 
v^nisset,  Sertorius  recedere  coSctus  dixisse  fertur: 
"  Nisi  anus  ilia  supervenisset,  ego  hunc  puerum  verbe- 
ribus  castigatum  Eomam  dimisissem."  Metellum 
5  anum  appellabat,  quia  is,  iam  senex,  ad  mollem  et 
effgminatam  vitam  deflexerat.  Sertorio  interfecto  ^fg 
Pompeius  Hispaniam  recepit. 

War  with  the  Pirates. 

Cum  piratae  ilia  tempestate  maria  omnia  inf  estarent 
et  quasdam  etiam  Italiae  urbes  diripuissent,  ad  eos 

10  opprimendos  cum  imperio  extraordinario  missus  est 
Pompeius.  Nimiae  virl  potentiae  obsistebant  quidam 
ex  optimatibus  et  imprimis  Quintus  Catulus.  Qui  cum 
in  contione  dixisset,  esse  quidem  praeclarum  virum  Cn. 
Pompeium,  sed  non  esse  tini  omnia  tribuenda,  adiecis- 

15  setque,  "Si  quid  huic  acciderit,  quem  in  eius  locum 
substituetis  ?  "  summo  consensu  succlamavit  universa 
contio:  "Te,  Quinte  Catule."  Tam  honorifico  civium 
testimSnio  victus  Catulus  e  contione  discessit.  Pom- 
peius, dispositis   per  omnes  maris   recessus   navibus, 

20  brevi  terrarum  orbem  ilia  peste  liberSvit ;  praedones 
multis  locis  victos  fudit;   eosdem  in  d^ditionem   ac- 
ceptos  in  urbibus  et  agris  procul  a  marl  conlocavit.  "^r- 
Nihil  hac  victoria  celerius ;  nam  intra  quadragesimum 
diem  piratas  toto  marl  expulit. 

The  Downfall  of  Mithridates. 

25  Confecto  bello  piratico  Gnaeus  Pompeius  contra 
Mithridatem  profectus  in  Asiam  magna  celeritate  con- 
tendit.     Proelium  cum  r6ge  conserere  cupiebat,  neque 


GNAEUS  POMPEIUS   MAGNUS.  5 

opportana  dabatur  ptignandl  facultas,  quia  Mithridatfis 
interdia  castrls  s6  continebat,  noctu  v6r0  baud  tutum 
erat  congredi  cum  hoste  in  locis  ignotls.  Nocte  tamen 
aliquando  cum  Pomp^ius  Mithridatem  aggressus  esset, 
Iftna  magno  fuit  Komanis  aditlmento.  Quam  cum  Ro-  5 
man!  a  tergo  habgrent,  umbrae  corporum  longius  pro- 
iectae  ad  primos  usque  hostium  ordines  pertin^bant ; 
unde  decepti  r6gil  militgs  in  umbras,  tamquam  in  pro- 
pinquum  hostem,  tela  mittebant.  Victus  Mithridat6s 
"ggin  Pontum  profugit.  Pharnaces  fllius  bellum  ei  in-  10 
tulit,  qui,  occisis  a  patre  fratribus,  vitae  suae  ipse 
timebat.  Mithridates  a  filio  obsessus  venenum  sump- 
sit;  quod  cum  tardius  subiret,  quia  adversus  venena 
multis  antea  medicamentis  corpus  firmaverat,  a  milite 
Gallo,  a  quo  ut  adiuvaret  se  petierat,  interfectus  est.     15 

Pompey''s  Victories  in  Asia. 

Tigrani  deinde,  Armeniae  regl,  qui  Mithridatis 
partes  secutus  erat,  Pompgius  bellum  intulit  eumque 
ad  deditionem  compulit.  Qui  cum  prOcubuisset  ad 
genua  Pomp6I,  eum  ergxit,  et  benignis  verbis  recrea- 
tum  diadema,  quod  abiecerat,  capiti  reponere  itlssit,  20 
aeque  pulchrum  esse  iadicans  et  vincere  reg6s  et 
facere.  Inde  in  ladaeam  profectus  Romanorum  pri- 
mus Itidaeos  domuit,  Hierosolyma,  caput  gentis,  cSpit, 
templumque  iure  victoriae  ingressus  est.  Rebus  Asiae 
compositis  in  Italiam  versus  ad  urbem  vgnit,  non,  ut  25 
plerlque  timuerant,  armatus,  sed  dimisso  exercitti,  et 
^gftertium  triumphum  bIduO  dtixit.  Inslgnis  fuit  multis 
novis  intisitatlsque  ornamentis  hic  triumphus;  sed 
nihil   inlastrius  visum,  quam  quod  tribus  triumphls 


6  URBIS   ROMAE   VlRl   INLUSTRES. 

tr6s  orbis  partes  devictae  causam  praebuerant ;  Pom- 
peius  enim,  quod  antea  contigerat  nemini,  primum 
ex  Africa,  iterum  ex  Europa,  tertio  ex  Asia  triumpha- 
vit,  felix  opinione  hominum  futurus,  si,  quern  gloriae, 
5  eundem  vitae  fmein  habuisset  neque  adversam  for- 
tiinam  esset  expertus  iam  senex. 

War  loith  Caesar. 
Posteriore   enim  tempore   orta  inter   Pomp6ium  et 
Caesarein  gravi  dissensione,  quod  hie  superiorem,  ille 
parem  ferre  non  posset,  bellum  civile  exarsit.     Caesar 

10  Infesto  exercitu  in  Italiam  venit.     Pompeius   relicta  b.c. 
urbe  ac  deinde  Italia  ipsa  Thessaliani  petit  et  cum  eo  *^ 
consules  senatusque   omnis  ;    quem  Insecutus  Caesar 
apud   Pharsalum   acie   fudit.      Yictus    Pompeius   ad 
Ptolemaeum,  AegyptI  regem,  cui  tutor  a  senatu  datus 

15  erat,  profugit,  qui  Pompeium  interfici  iussit.  Latus 
Pompel  sub  oculls  uxoris  et  llberorum  mucrone  con- 
fossum  est,  caput  praeclsum,  truncus  in  Nllum  con- 
iectus.  Deinde  caput  cum  anulo  ad  Caesarem  delatum 
est,  qui  eo  viso  lacrimas  non  continens  illud  multls 

20  pretiosissimlsque  odoribus  cremandum  curavit.  Is  fuit 
Pompel  post  tres  consulatus  et  totidem  triumphos  vltae 
exitus. 

Character  of  Pompey. 
Erant  in  Pompeio   multae  et   magnae   virtutes   ac 
praecipug  admlranda  frugalitas.      Cum  el  aegrOtanti 

25  praeegpisset  medicus  ut  turdum  ederet,  negarent  autem 
servl  eam  avem  usquam  aestlvo  tempore  posse  reperiri 
nisi  apud  Lticullum,  qui  turdos  domi  saglnaret,  vetuit 
Pompeius  turdum  inde  petl,  medicoque  dixit :  "  Ergo, 
nisi  Lucullus  perditus  delicils  esset,  non  viveret  Pom- 


GNAEUS  POMPEIUS   MAGNUS.  7 

peius  ?  "     Aliam  avem,  quae  parabilis  esset,  sibi  iussit 
apponl. 

Virls  doctis  magnum  honorem  habebat  Pompgius. 
Ex  Syria  decedens,  confecto  bello  Mithridatico,  cum 
Rhodum  venisset,  Posidonium  cupiit  audire ;  sed  cum  5 
audivisset  eum  graviter  esse  aegrum,  quod  vehementer 
eius  artus  laborarent,  voluit  tamen  nobilissimum  phi- 
losophum  visere.  Mos  erat  ut,  consule  aedes  aliquas 
ingressuro,  lictor  fores  percuteret,  admonens  consulem 
adesse;  at  Pompeius  fores  Posidoni  percuti  honoris  10 
causa  vetuit.  Quern  ut  vidit  et  salutavit,  moleste  se 
dixit  ferre,  quod  eum  non  posset  audire.  At  ille,  "  Tu 
vero,"  inquit,  '^  potes,  nee  committam  ut  dolor  corporis 
efficiat  ut  frustra  tantus  vir  ad  me  venerit."  Itaque 
Cubans  graviter  et  copiose  de  hoc  ipso  disputavit :  15 
nihil  esse  bonum  nisi  quod  honestum  esset,  nihil 
malum  did  posse  quod  turpe  non  esset.  Cum  vero 
dolores  acriter  eum  pungerent,  saepe,  "Nihil  agis," 
inquit,  "dolor!  quamvis  sTs  molestus,  numquam  te 
esse  malum  confitebor.'^  20 


GAIUS   lULIUS   CAESAK. 


B.C.  102-44. 


Caesar  defies  Sulla. 

C.  lulius  Caesar,  nobilissima  luliorum  genitus 
familia,  annum  agens  sextum  et  decimum  patrem 
amisit.  Corneliam,  Cinnae  flliam,  duxit  uxorem; 
cuius  pater  cum  esset  Bullae  inimicissimus,  is  Cae- 
5  sarem  voluit  compellere,  ut  earn  repudiaret ;  neque  id  ^^ 
potuit  efficere.  Qua  re  Caesar  bonis  spoliatus  cum 
etiam  ad  necem  qnaereretur,  mutata  veste  nocte  urbe 
elapsus  est  et  quamquam  tunc  quartanae  morbo  labo- 
rabat,  prope  per  singulas  noctes  latebras  commut^re 

10  c5gebatur ;  et  comprehensus  a  Sullae  liberto,  ne  ad 
Sullam  perduceretur,  vix  data  pecunia  evasit.  Po- 
stremo  per  propinquos  et  adfines  suos  veniam  impe- 
travit.  Satis  constat,  Sullam,  cum  deprecantibus 
amicissimls  et  ornatissimis  viris  aliquamdiu  denegas- 

16  set  atque  illl  pertinaciter  contenderent,  expugnatum 
tandem  proclamasse,  vincerent,  dum  modo  sclrent, 
eum,  quem  incolumem  tantopere  cuperent,  aliquando 
optimatium  partibus,  quas  secum  simul  defendissent, 
exitio  futurum ;   nam  Caesarl  multos  Marios  inesse. 

Adventure  with  Pirates. 

20  Stipendia  prima  in  Asia  fecit.  In  exptignatione 
Mitylenarum  corona  civica  donatus  est.    Mortuo  Sulla 

8 


GAIUS   lULIUS   CAESAR.  9 

Ehodum  secedere  statuit,  iit  per  otium  Apollonio  Mo- 
'^gloni,  tunc  clarissimo  dicendi  magistro,  operam  daret. 
Hue  dum  traicit,  a  praedonibus  eaptus  est  mansitque 
apud  eos  prope  quadraginta  dies.  Per  omne  autem 
illud  spatium  ita  se  gessit  ut  piratls  pariter  terror!  5 
venerationique  esset.  Comites  interim  servosque  ad 
expediendas  peciinias  quibus  redimeretur,  dimisit. 
Viginti  talenta  plratae  postulaverant:  ille  quinquaginta 
daturum  se  spopondit.  Quibus  numeratis  cum  ex- 
positus  esset  in  litore,  confestim  Mlletum,  quae  urbs  lo 
proxime  aberat,  properavit  ibique  contracta  classe 
invectus  in  eum  locum  in  quo  ipsi  praedones  erant, 
partem  classis  fugavit,  partem  mersit,  aliquot  naves 
cepit  piratasque  in  potestatem  redactos  eo  supplicio 
quod  illis  saepe  minatus  inter  iocum  erat,  adfecit  15 
crucique  suffixit. 

Caesuras  Ambitions  Spirit. 

Quaestor!  ulterior  Hispania  obvenit.  Quo  profectus 
^68  c^m'i  Alpes  trans!ret  et  ad  conspectum  pauperis  cuius- 
dam  vici  comites  per  iocum  inter  se  disputarent  num 
illic  etiam  esset  ambition!  locus,  serio  d!xit  Caesar  20 
malle  se  ibi  pr!mum  esse  quam  E-omae  secundum. 
Dominationis  avidus  a  prima  aetate  regnum  concu- 
p!scebat  semperque  in  ore  habebat  hos  Eur!pidis, 
Graeci  poetae,  versus : 

Nam  si  violandum  est  ius,  regnandi  gratia 
Violandum  est,  aliis  rebus  pietatem  colas. 

Cumque  Gades,  quod  est  Hispaniae  oppidum,  venis-  25 
set,  animadversa  apud  Herculis  templum  magni  Ale- 


10  URBIS   ROMAE   VIRI  INLUSTRES. 

xandri  imagine  ingemuit  et  quasi  pertaesus  ignaviain 
suam,  quod  nihildum  a  se  memorabile  actum  esset 
in  ea  aetate  qua  iam  Alexander  orbem  terrarum  sube- 
gisset,  missionem  continue   efflagitavit  ad  captandas 

5  quam  primum  maiorum  rerum  occasiones  in  urbe. 

Aedilis  praeter  Comitium  ac  Forum  etiam  Capito-  "J^ 
Hum  ornavit  porticibus.     Venationes  autem  ludosque 
et  cum   conlega  M.  Bibulo  et  separatim   edidit;  quo 
factum  est,  ut  communium  quoque  impensarum  solus 

10  gratiam  caperet.  His  autem  rebus  patrimonium  effu- 
dit  tantumque  conflavit  aes  alienum,  ut  ipse  diceret 
sibi  opus  esse  milieus  sestertiura,  ut  haberet  nihil. 


His  Consulship. 

Consul  deinde  creatus  cum  M.  Bibulo,  societatem 
cum  Gnaeo  Pompeio  et  Marco  Crasso  iunxit  Caesar, 

15  ne  quid  ageretur  in  re  publica,  quod  displicuisset  tilli 
ex  tribus.  Deinde  legem  tulit,  ut  ager  Campanus 
plebi  divideretur.  Cui  leg!  cum  senatus  repugnaret, 
rem  ad  populum  detulit.  Bibulus  conlega  in  Forum 
venit,  ut  leg!  obsisteret,  sed  tanta  in  eum  commota  est 

20  seditio,  ut  fasces  ei  f rangerentur  atque  adeo  ipse  armis 
Foro  expelleretur.  Qua  re  cum  Bibulus  per  reliquum 
anni  tempus  domo  abditus  Curia  abstineret,  unus  ex  eo 
tempore  Caesar  omnia  in  re  publica  ad  arbitrium  ad- 
ministrabat,  ut  nonnulli  urbanorum,  si  quid  testandi 

25  gratia  signarent,  per  iocum  non,  ut  mos  erat,  "  consuli- 
bus  Caesare  et  Bibulo  actum  "  scriberent,  sed  "  lulio  et 
Caesare,''  unum  consulem  nomine  et  cognomine  pro 
duobus  appellantes. 


GAIUS   lULIUS  CAESAR.  11 

The  Conquest  of  Gaul. 

58'  Functus  consulatti  Caesar  Galliam  provinciam  ac- 
cepit.  Gessit  autem  novem  annis  quibus  in  imperio 
fuit  haec  fere :  Galliam  in  provinciae  f ormam  redegit ; 
Gennanos,  qui  trans  Khenum  incolunt,  primus  Eo- 
nianorum  ponte  fabricate  aggressus  maximis  adfecit  5 
cladibus.  Aggressus  est  Britannos,  ignotos  antea,  su- 
peratisque  pecunias  et  obsides  imperavit.  Hic  cum 
multa  Eomanorum  militum  Insignia  narrantur,  turn 
illud  egregium  ipsius  Caesaris,  quod  ntitante  in  fugam 
exercitti,  rapto  fugientis  e  manti  scuto,  in  primam  lo 
volitans  aciem  proelium  restituit.  Idem  alio  proelio 
legionis  aquiliferum,  ineundae  fugae  causa  iam  con- 
versum,  faucibus  comprehensum  in  contrariam  partem 
detraxit  dextramque  ad  liostem  tendens,  "Quorsum 
tti,"  inquit,  "  abis?  Illic  sunt  cum  quibus  dimicamus."  15 
Qua  adhortatione  omnium  legionum  trepidationem 
corrgxit,  vincique  paratas  vincere  docuit. 


Crossing  the  Bubicon. 

Interfecto  interea  apud  Parthos  Crasso  et  dgfuncta 
lulia,  Caesaris  filia,  quae,  nupta  Pompeio,  generi  so- 
cerique  concordiam  tenebat,  statim  aemulatio  erupit.  20 
lam  pridem  Pompeio  suspectae  Caesaris  opes  et  Cae- 
sar! Pompeiana  dlgnitas  gravis,  nee  hIc  ferebat  parem, 
nee  ille  superiorem.  Itaque  cum  Caesar  in  Gallia 
detineretur,  et,  ne  imperfecto  bello  discederet,  postu- 
lasset  ut  sibi  liceret,  quamvis  absenti,  alterum  con-  25 
sulatum  petere,  a  senatu  suadentibus  Pompeio  eiusque 
amicis  negatum  ei  est.     Hanc  iniuriam  acceptam  vin- 


12  UK  BIS   ROMAE  VIRI   INLUSTRES. 

dicattirus  in  Italiam  rediit  et,  bellandum  ratiis,  cum 
exercitii  Rubiconem  flumen,  qui  provinciae  eius  finis 
erat,  transiit.  Hoc  ad  flumen  paulum  constitisse 
fertur  ae  reputans,  quantum  moliretur,  conversus  ad 

5  proximos,  "Etiam  nunc,"  inquit,  "regredi  possumus ; 
quod  si  ponticulum  transierimus,  omnia  armis  agenda 
erunt."     Postremo   autem,    "  lacta   alea    esto ! "    ex- 
clamans,  exercitum  traici  itissit  plurimTsque  urbibus  4*9 
occupatis  Brundisium  contendit,  quo   Pompeius   con- 

10  sulesque  confugerant. 

Defeat  of  Pompey  and  His  Party. 

Qui  cum  inde  in  Epirum  traiecissent,  Caesar  eos 
secutus  a  Brundisio  Dyrrachium  inter  oppositas 
classes  gravissima  hieme  transmisit;  copiisque,  quas 
subsequi   iusserat,    diutius   cessantibus    cum    ad   eas 

15  arcessendas  frustra  misisset,  mlrae  audaciae  facinus 
edidit.  Morae  enim  impatiens  castris  noctu  egreditur, 
clam  naviculam  conscendit,  obvoluto  capite,  ne  agno- 
sceretur,  et  quamquam  mare  saeva  tempestate  intume- 
scebat,  in  altum  tamen  protinus  dirigi  navigium  iubet 

20  et  gubernatore  trepidante,  "  Quid  times  ? "  inquit, 
"  Caesarem  vehis  !  '^  neque  prius  gubernatorem  cedere 
adversae  tempestati  passus  est,  quam  paene  obrutus 
esset  fluctibus. 

Deinde  Caesar  in  Epirum  profectus  Pompeium  Phar- 

25  salico  proelio  fudit,  et  fugientem  persecutus,  ut  occi- 
sum  cognovit,  Ptolemaeo  regi,  Pompei  interfectori,  a 
quo  sibi  quoque  Insidias  tendi  videret,  bellum  intulit ; 
quo  victo  in  Pontum  transiit  Pliarnacemque,  Mitliri- 
datis  filium,  rebellantem  et  multiplici  successu  prae- 


GAIUS  lULIUS   CAESAR.  13 

ferocem  intra  qulntum  ab  adventu  diem,  quattuor,  qui- 
bus  in  conspectnm  venit,  horis  una  profligavit  acie 
more  fulminis  quod  uno  eodemque  momento  venit, 
percussit,  abscessit.  Nee  vana  de  se  praedicatio  est 
Caesaris,  ante  victum  hostem  esse  quam  visum.  Pon-  5 
tico  postea  triumpho  trium  verborum  praetulit  titu- 
lum:  "  Veni,  vidi,  vici."  Deinde  Sclpionem  et  lubam, 
Kumidiae  regem,  reliquias  Pompeianarum  partium 
in  Africa  refoventes,  devlcit. 


War  in  Spain  with  Pompeifs  Sons. 

Victorem   AfricanI  belli  Gaium   Caesarem  gravius  10 
excgpit  Hispaniense,  quod  Cn.  Pompeius,  Magni  filius, 
adulescens  fortissimus,  ingens  ac  terribile  conflaverat, 
undique  ad  eum  auxilils  paterni  nominis  magnitudi- 
nem    sequentium   ex  toto   orbe   confluentibus.      Sua 
Caesarem   in   Hispaniam   comitata  fortuna   est;    sed  15 
nullum  umquam  atrocius  perlculosiusque  ab  eo  initum 
proelium,  adeo  ut,  plus  quam  dubio  Marte,  descende- 
rs' ret  equo  consistensque  ante  recedentem  suorum  aciem, 
increpans  Fortunam,  quod  se  in  eum  servasset  exitum, 
dentintiaret    mllitibus   vestlgio    se    non    recessul^um;  20 
proinde  viderent  quem  et  quo  loco  imperatorem  deser- 
turl  essent.     Verecundia  magis  quam  virttite  acies  re- 
stituta  est.     Cn.  Pompeius  victus  et  interemptus  est. 
Caesar,  omnium  victor,  regressus  in  urbem,  omnibus 
qui  contra   se   arma  tulerant  Ignovit,  et   quinquiens  25 
triumphavit. 


14  URBIS   ROMAE   VIRI   INLUSTRES. 


Caesar  as  Buler  of  Borne. 

Bellis  civllibus  confectis,  conversus  iam  ad  ordinan- 
dum  rei  publicae  statiim,  fastos  correxit  annumque  ad 
cursiim  solis  accommodavit,  ut  trecentoriim  sexaginta 
qulnque  dierum  esset  et  intercalario  meiise  sublato 
5  unus  dies  quarto  quoque  anno  intercalaretur.  lus  lar 
boriosissime  ac  severissime  dixit.  Repetundarum  con- 
victos  etiam  ordine  senatorio  movit.  Peregrinarum 
mercium  portoria  instituit ;  legem  praecipue  sumptu- 
ariam  exercuit.  De  ornanda  mstruendaque  urbe,  item 
10  de  tuendo  ampliandoque  imperio  plura  ac  maiora  in 
dies  destinabat ;  imprimis  itis  civile  ad  certum  modum 
redigere  atque  ex  immensa  legum  copia  optima  quae- 
que  et  necessaria  in  paucissimos  conferre  libros ;  bibli- 
othecas  Graecas  et  Latinas,  quas  maximas  posset,  pu- 
is blicare,  siccare  Pomptinas  paludes ;  viam  munire  a 
Mari  Supero  per  Appennini  dorsum  ad  Tiberim  usque ; 
Dacos  qui  se  in  Pontum  effuderant,  coercere ;  mox 
Parthis  bellum  inferre  per  Armeniam. 


Caesar  killed  by  Conspirators. 

Haec  et  alia  agentem  et  meditantem  mors  praev6nit. 

20  Dictator  enim  in  perpetuum  creatus  agere  msolentius 
coepit;  senatum  ad  se  venientem  sedans  exc^pit  et 
quendam,  ut  adsurgeret,  monentem  irato  voltu  re- 
spexit.  Cum  Antonius,  Caesaris  in  omnibus  bellis 
comes  et  tunc  consulattis  conlega,  capiti  eius  in  sella 

25  aurea  sedentis  pro  Rostris  diadema,  insigne  rggium, 
imposuisset,  id  ita  ab  eo  est  repulsum,  ut  non  offSnsus 
vid6r6tur. 


GAIUS  lULIUS  CAESAR.  17 

Qua  re  coniuratum  in  eiim  est  a  sexaginta  amplius 
viris,  Cassio  et  Bruto  ducibus  conspirationis^  decre- 
tumque  eum  Idibus  Martiis  in  senatu  confodere. 

Pltirima  indicia  f  utiiri  periculi  obtulerant  dii  immor- 
tales.     Uxor  Calpurnia  territa  noctiirno  visti,  ut  Idibus   5 
Martiis  domi  subsisteret  orabat,  et  Sptirinna  haruspex 
praedixerat  ut  proximos   dies  triginta  quasi  fatales 
caveret,   quorum   tiltimus   erat   Idus   Martiae.      Hoc 
igitur  die  Caesar  Sptirinnae,  "Ecquid  scis,"  inquit, 
"  idtis   Martias   iam   venisse  ? "  et   is,   "  Ecquid   scis  10 
illas   nondum  praeterlsse  ?  "     Atque   cum  Caesar  eo 
die  in  senatum  v^nisset,  adsidentem  conspTrati  specie 
officii   circumsteterunt    ilicoque   unus,   quasi   aliquid 
rogattirus,  propius   accessit  renuentique   ab    utroque 
umero  togam  apprehendit.     Deinde  clamantem,  "  Ista  15 
quidem  vis  est,"  Casca,  unus  e  coniuratis,  adversum 
volnerat  paulum  infra  iugulum.     Caesar  Cascae  brac- 
chium  adreptum  graphio  traiecit  conatusque  prosilire 
alio  volnere  tardatus  est.     Dein  ut  animadvertit  un- 
^^•dique  se  strictis  pugionibus  peti,  toga  caput  obvolvit  20 
et  ita  tribus   et  vlginti   plagis   confossus   est.     Cum 
Marcum  Brtitum,  quem  filii  loco  habebat,  in  se  inru- 
entem  vidisset,  dixisse  fertur:  "Tu  quoque,  mi  fill!" 


His  Character  and  Appearance. 

Illud  inter  omnes  fer6  constitit,  talem  el  mortem 
paene  ex  sententia  obtigisse.  Nam  et  quondam  cum  25 
apud  Xenophontem  legisset  Cyrum  ultima  valettidine 
mandasse  quaedam  de  funere  suo,  aspernatus  tam 
lentum  mortis  genus,  subitam  sibi  celeremque  opta- 
verat,  et  pridis  quam  occIder6tur,  in   sermone  nato 

0 


18  URBIS   ROMAK   VIIU   IXLUSTRES. 

super  cenam  quisnam  esset  finis  vitae  commodissimiis, 
repentlnum  inoplnatumque  praetulerat.  Percussorum 
autem  neque  triennio  quisquam  ampliiis  supervixit 
neque  morte  sua  defimctiis  est.     Damnati  omnes  alius 

5  alio  casii  perierunt,  pars  nauf ragio,  pars  proelio ;  non- 
nuUl  s^met  eodem  illo  pugione,  quo  Caesarem  violave- 
rant,  intergmerunt. 

Quo  rarior  in  regibus  et  prmcipibus  viris  moderatio, 
hoc   laudanda   magis  est.     C.  Iiilius   Caesar   victoria 

10  civlli  clementissime  usus  est ;  cum  enim  scrinia  depre- 
hendisset  epistularum  ad  Ponipeium  missaruni  ab  eis, 
qui  videbantur  aut  in  diversis  aut  in  neutris  f  uisse  par- 
tibus,  legere  noluit,  sed  combtissitj  ne  forte  in  multos 
gravius  consulendi  locum  darent.    Cicero  banc  laudem 

15  eximiam  Caesari  tribuit,  quod  nihil  oblivisci  soleret 
nisi  iniurias.  Simultates  omnes  occasione  oblata  libens 
deposuit.  Ultro  ac  prior  scripsit  C.  Calvo  post  famosa 
eiiis  adversum  se  epigrammata.  Valerium  Catullum, 
cuius  versiculls  famam  suam  laceratam  non  ignorabat, 

20  adhibuit  cenae.  C.  Memml  suffragator  in  petitione 
consulatus  fuit,  etsi  asperrimas  fuisse  eius  in  se  ora- 
tiones  sciebat. 

Fuisse  traditur  excelsa  statura,  ore  paulo  pleniore, 
nigris  vegetisque  oculis,  capite  calvo;  quam  calvitii 

25  deformitatem,  quod  saepe  obtrectatorum  iocis  obnoxia 
erat,  aegre  ferebat.  Ideo  ex  omnibus  decretis  sibi  a 
senatti  populoque  honoribus  non  alium  aut  rec6pit  aut 
usurpavit  libentius  quam  ius  laureae  perpetuo  gestan- 
dae.     Vini  parcissimum  eum  fuisse  ne  inimici  quidem 

30  negav^runt.  Verbum  Catonis  est,  ununi  ex  omnibus 
Caesarem  ad  evertendam  rem  publicam  sobrium  acces- 
sisse.      Armorum   et   equitandi   peritissimus,    laboris 


GAIUS   lULIUS   CAESAR. 


19 


illtra  fidem  patiens;  in  agmine  nonnumquam  eqiio, 
saepius  pedibus  anteibat,  capite  detecto,  seu  sol,  sen 
imber  erat.  Longissimas  vias  incredibili  celeritate 
conficiebat,  ut  persaepe  nuntios  de  se  praeveniret ; 
neqiie  eum  morabantur  flumina,  quae  vel  nando  vel 
innixus  mflatis  utribiis  traiciebat. 


BtTLLA  {Boy's  Amulet). 


MARCUS   TULLIUS   CICERO. 


B.C.  106-43. 


Cicero'^s  Education  as  an  Orator. 

Marcus  Tullius  Cicero,  equestri  genere,  Arpinl,  quod 
est  Volscorum  oppidum,  natus  est.  Ex  eius  avis  unus 
verrticam  in  extremo  naso  sitam  habuit,  ciceris  grano 
similem;  inde  cognomen  Ciceronis  genti  inditum. 
5  Suadentibus  quibusdam  ut  id  nomen  mutaret:  '^Dabo 
operam,"  inquit,  "ut  istud  cognomen  nobilissimorum 
nominum  splendorem  vincat."  Cum  a  patre  Rom  am 
missus,  ubi  celeberrimorum  magistrorum  scholis  in- 
teresset,  eas  artes   disceret   quibus  aetas  puerilis  ad 

10  humanitatem  solet  informarl,  tanto  successu  tantaque 
cum  praeceptorum  tum  ceterorum  discipulorum  admi- 
ratione  id  fecit  ut,  cum  fama  de  Ciceronis  ingenio  et 
doctrina  ad  alios  manasset,  non  pauci,  qui  eius  videndi 
et  audiendi  gratia  scholas  adirent,    reperti   esse    dl- 

15  cantiir. 

Cum  nulla  re  magis  ad  summos  in  re  publica  hono- 
ris viam  muniri  posse  intellegeret  quam  arte  dicendl 
et  eloquentia,  toto  animo  in  eius  studium  incubuit; 
in   quo   quidem   ita  versatus  est  ut  non   solum   eos, 

20  qui  in   Foro   et  iiidicils  causes  perorarent,  studios6 

sectaretur,   sed    privatim    quoque    diligentissimg    s6 

exercgret. 

20 


MARCUS  TULLIUS  CICERO.  21 


Cicero  enters  Public  Life. 

Primum  eloquentiam  et  libertatein  adversus  SiiUanos 
ostendit.     Nam  cum  Eoscium  qiiendam,  parricidii  ac- 

''sJ"  cusatum,  ob  Chrysogoni,  Sullae  liberti,  qui  in  eius 
adversarils  erat,  potentiam  nemo  defendere  auderet, 
tanta  eloquentiae  vi  eum  defendit  Cicero  ut  iam  turn  5 
in  arte  dicendi  nullus  ei  par  esse  videretur.  Ex  quo 
invidiam  veritus  Athenas  studiorum  gratia  petiit,  ubi 
Antiochum  philosophum  studiose  audlvit.  Inde  elo- 
quentiae causa  Rliodum  se  contulit,  ubi  Molonem, 
Graecum  rhetorem  turn  disertissimum,  magistrum  lo 
habuit.  Qui  cum  Ciceronem  dicentem  audivisset, 
flevisse  dicitur,  quod  per  hunc  Graecia  eloquentiae 
laude  privaretur. 

Eomam  reversus  quaestor  Siciliam  habuit.     Nullius 

^^■^■•vero  quaesttira  aut  gratior  aut  clarior  fuit ;  cum  magna  15 
tum  esset  annonae  difficultas,  initio  molestus  erat  Sicu- 
lis,  quos  cogeret  f rumenta  in  urbem  mittere ;  postea 
vero,  diligentiam  et  iustitiam  et  comitatem  eius  experti, 
maiores  quaestori  suo  honores  quam  ulli  umquam  prae- 
tori  detulerunt.  E  Sicilia  reversus  Romam  in  causis  20 
dicendis  ita  floruit,  ut  inter  omnes  causarum  patronos 
et  esset  et  haberetur  princeps. 


The  Ancestry  of  Catiline. 

Consul  deinde  factus  L.  Sergi  Catilinae  coniaratiO- 
nem  singulari  virtute,  constantia,  cura  compressit.    Ca- 
tilinae proavum,  M.   Sergium,  incrSdibili  fortittidine  25 
fuisse  Plinius  refert.     Stipendia  is  fecit  secundo  bello 
Ptinico.     Secundo  stipendio  dextram  manum  perdidit ; 


22  URBIS   ROMAE   VIRI  INLUSTRES. 

stipendiis  duobus  ter  et  viciens  volneratus  est ;  ob  id 
neutra  manu,  neutro  pede  satis  titilis,  plurimisque 
posted  stipendiis  debilis  miles  erat.  Bis  ab  Hannibale 
captus,  bis  vinculorum  eius  profugus,  viginti  mensibus 

5  nullo  noil  die  in  catSnls  aiit  compedibus  custoditus. 
Sinistra  manu  sola  quater  pugnavit,  duobus  equis 
msidente  eo  suffossls.  Dextram  sibi  ferream  fecit 
eaque  religata  proeliatus  Cremonam  obsidione  exemit, 
Placentiam  ttitatus  est,   duodena  castra  hostium   in 

10  Gallia  cepit.  "  Ceteri  prof ecto,"  Plinius  addit, "  victores 
hominum  fuere,  Sergius  vicit  etiam  fortunam." 

The  Famous  Conspiracy. 

Singularem  htiius  viri  gloriam  foede  dehonestSvit 
pronepotis  scelus.  Hic  enim  rel  familiaris,  quam  pro- 
ftiderat,  inopia  multorumque  scelerum  conscientia  in 

15  furorem  actus  et  dominandi  cupiditate  incensus,  indl- 
gnatusque  quod  in  petltione  consulatus  repulsam  passus 
esset,  coniuratione  facta,  senatum  confodere,  consules 
trucidare,  urbem  incendere,  diripere  aerarium  consti-^g^- 
tuerat.     Actum  erat  de  pulclierrimo  imperio,  nisi  ilia 

20  coniuratio  in  Ciceronem  et  Antonium  consules  inci- 
disset,  quorum  alter  industria  rem  patef ecit,  alter  manu 
oppressit.  Cum  Cicero  habito  senatu  in  praesentem 
reum  perorasset,  Catilina,  incendium  suum  rulna  se 
restincttlrum  esse  minitans,  Koma  profugit  et  ad  ex- 

25  ercitum  quern  paraverat,  proficiscitur,  signa  inlattirus 
urbi.  Sed  socii  gius,  qui  in  urbe  remanserant,  com- 
prehgnsi  in  carcere  necati  sunt.  A.  Fulvius,  vir  sena- 
toril  ordinis,  filium,  iuvenem  et  ingenio  et  forma  inter 
aequales  nitentem,  pravo  c6nsilio  Catilinae  amicitiam 


MARCUS  TULLIUS  CICERO.  23 

sectitum  inque  castra  eius  ruenteiiij  ex  medio  itinere 
retractum  supplicio  mortis  adfecit,  praefatus  non  se 
Catillnae  ilium  adversus  patriam,  sed  patriae  adversus 
Catilinam  genuisse. 

The  Death  of  Catiline. 

ll^eque  eo  magis  ab  incepto  Catilma  dSstitit,  sed  5 
infestis  signis  Romam  petens  Antoni  exercitti  oppri- 
mitur.  Quam  atrociter  dimicatum  sit,  exitus  docuit; 
nemo  hostium  bello  superfuit;  quem  quisque  in 
ptignando  ceperat  locum,  eum  amissa  anima  tegebat. 
Catilina  longe  a  suis  inter  hostium  cadavera  repertus  lo 
est ;  pulcherrima  morte,  si  pro  patria  sic  concidisset ! 
Senatus  populusque  Romanus  Ciceronem  patrem 
patriae  appellavit.  Cicero  ipse  in  oratione  pro  Sulla 
palam  praedicat,  consilium  patriae  servandae  fuisse 
iniectum  sibi  a  diis,  cum  Catilma  conitirasset  adversus  15 
cam.  "0  dii  immortales,"  inquit,  "vos  profecto  in- 
cendistis  tum  animum  meum  cupiditate  conservandae 
patriae.  Vos  avocastis  me  a  cogitationibus  omnibus 
ceteris  et  convertistis  ad  saltitem  unam  patriae.  Vos 
denique  praetulistis  menti  meae  clarissimum  lumen  in  20 
tenebrls  tantis  erroris  et  Inscientiae.  Tribuam  enim 
vobis,  quae  sunt  vestra.  Nee  vero  possum  tantum 
dare  ingenio  meo,  ut  dispexerim  sponte  mea  in  tem- 
pestate  ilia  turbulentissima  rel  publicae,  quid  esset 
optimum  factu."  25 

Cicero's  Exile. 

Panels  post  annis  Ciceroni  diem  dixit  Clodius  tri- 
bunus  plebis,  quod  elves  Romanos  indicta  causa  neca- 


24  URBIS  ROMAE   VIRI  INLUSTRES. 

visset.  Senatus  maestus,  tamquam  in  publico  luctti, 
veste  mutata  pro  eo  deprecabatur.  Cicero,  cum  posset 
armis  salutem  suam  defendere,  maluit  urbe  cedere, 
quam  sua  causa  caedem  fieri.  Proficiscentem  omnes 
5  bom  flentes  prosecuti  sunt.  Dein  Clodius  edictum 
proposuit,  ut  Marco  Tullio  igni  et  aqua  interdiceretur ; 
illius  domum  et  villas  incendit.  Sed  vis  ilia  non  diu- 
turna  fuit;  mox  enim  totus  fere  populus  Komanus 
ingenti  deslderio  Ciceronis  reditum  flagitare  coepit  et 
10  maximo  omnium  ordinum  studio  Cicero  in  patriam 
revocatus  est.  Nihil  per  totam  vltam  Ciceroni  itinere 
quo  in  patriam  rediit,  accidit  iticundius.  Obviam  ei 
redeunti  ab  universis  itum  est;  domus  eius  ptiblica 
pectinia  restituta  est. 

The  Civil  War:  Cicero^ s  Death. 

15  Gravissimae  ilia  tempestate  inter  Caesarem  et  Pom- 
p6ium  ortae  sunt  inimlcitiae,  ut  res  nisi  bello  dirimi 
non  posse  videretur.  Cicero  quidem  summo  studio 
enitebatur  ut  eos  inter  se  reconciliaret  et  a  belli  civllis 
calamitatibus  deterreret,  sed  cum  neutrum  ad  pacem 

20  ineundam  permovere  posset,  Pompeium  secutus  est. 
Sed  victo  Pompeio,  a  Caesare  victore  veniam  tiltro 
accepit.  Quo  interfecto  Octavianum,  Caesaris  here- 
dem,  fovit,  Antonium  impugnavit  effecitque  ut  a  senatti 
hostis  iudicaretur. 

25  Sed  Antonius,  inita  cum  Octaviano  societate,  Cicero- 
nejp.  iam  diu  sibi  inimicum  proscrlpsit.  Qua  re  audita 
Cicero  transversis  itineribus  in  villain,  quae  a  marl 
proxime  aberat,  ftigit  indeque  navem  conscendit  in 
Macedoniam  transiturus.     Unde  aliquotiens  in  altum 


MARCUS  TULLIUS  CICERO.  25 

provectum  cum  modo  venti  adversi  rettulissent,  modo 
ipse  iactationein  maris  pati  non  posset,  taedium  tan- 
dem eum  et  fugae  et  vitae  cepit  regressusque  ad  vil- 
1am,  "Moriar,"  inquit,  "in  patria  saepe  servata." 
Satis  constat,  adventantibus  percussoribus  servos  for-  5 
titer  fideliterque  paratos  fuisse  ad  dimicandum,  ipsum 


Lectio  A. 


10 


dgponi  lecticam  et  quietos  pati,  quod  sors  iniqua  c6- 
geret,  iussisse.  Prominent!  ex  lectica  et  immotam  cer- 
vicem  praebenti  caput  praecisum  est.  Mantis  quoque 
abscisae;  caput  relatum  est  ad  Antonium  eiusque 
itissu  cum  dextra  manti  in  Kostris  positum. 

Cicero^s  Philosophical  Writings. 

Quam  diu  res  publica  Romana  per  eos  gergbatur,  qui- 
bus  se  ipsa  commiserat,  in  eam  curas  cogitationSsque 
fere  omnes  suas  conferebat  Cicero  et  plus  operae  pone- 
bat  in  agendo  quam  in  scrlbendo.  Cum  autem  domi- 15 
natu  unlus  C.  lull  Caesaris  omnia  tenerentur,  non  s6 
angoribus  dedidit  nee  indignis  homine  docto  volupta- 
tibus.  Fugiens  conspectum  Fori  urbisque  rura  pera- 
grabat,  abdebatque  se  quantum  licebat,  et  solus  erat. 


26  URBIS   ROMAE   VIRI  INLUSTRES. 

Nihil  agere  autem  cum  animus  non  posset,  existimavit 
honestissime  molestias  posse  deponi,  si  se  ad  philoso- 
phiam  rettulisset,  cui  adulescens  multum  temporis 
tribuerat,  et  omne  studium  ctiramque  convertit  ad 
5  scrlbendum;  atque  ut  civibus  etiam  otiosus  aliquid 
prodesse  posset,  elaboravit,  ut  doctiores  fierent  et 
sapientiores,  pluraque  brevi  tempore  eversa  re  publica 
scripsit,  quam  multis  annis  ea  stante  scripserat.  Sic 
facundiae  et  Latinarum  litterarum  parens  evasit  paruit- 
10  que  virorum  sapientium  praecepto,  qui  docent  non 
solum  ex  malls  eligere  minima  oportere,  sed  etiam 
excerpere  ex  his  ipsis,  si  quid  insit  boni. 

Cicero'' s  Wit. 

Multa  exstant  facete  ab  eo  dicta.  Cum  Lentulum, 
generum   suum,  exiguae   staturae   hominem,  vidisset 

15  longo  gladio  accinctum :  "  Quis,"  inquit,  '^  generum 
meum  ad  gladium  adligavit  ?  "  —  Matrona  quaedam 
itiniorem  se  quam  erat  simulans,  dictitabat  se  triginta 
tantum  annos  habere :  cui  Cicero,  "  Verum  est,"  in- 
quit,  "nam  hoc  viginti  annos  audio."  —  Caesar,  altero 

20  consule  mortuo  die  Decembris  ultima,  Camnium  con- 
sulem  hora  septima  in  reliquam  die!  partem  rentintia- 
verat,  quem  cum  plerique  Trent  saltitatum  de  more, 
"  Festinemus,"  inquit  Cicero,  "  priusquam  abeat  magi- 
stratu."     De   eodem   Caninio   scripsit   Cicero:  "Fuit 

25  mirifica  vigilantia  Caninius,  qui  toto  suo  consulatu 
somnum  non  viderit." 


CAESAE  OCTAVIANUS  AUGUSTUS. 


B.C.  63-A.D.  14. 


Octavianus  at  the  Siege  of  Modena. 

Octavianus,  luliae,  Gai  Caesaris  sororis,  nepos, 
quartum  annum  agens  patrem  amisit.  Ab  avunculo 
acloptatus  profectum  eum  in  Hispanias  adversus  Gnaei 
Pompel  liberos  sectitus  est.  Deinde  ab  eo  Apolloniam 
jnissus  studiis  vacavit.  Utque  primum  occisum  Cae-  5 
sarem  heredemque  se  comperit,  in  urbem  regressus 
hereditatem  adiit,  nomen  Caesaris  stimpsit  conlectoque 
veteranorum  exercitti  opem  Decimo  Brtito  tulit,  qui 
*^ab  Antonio  Mutinae  obsidebatur.  Cum  autem  urbis 
aditu  prohiberetur,  ut  Brutum  de  omnibus  rebus  cer-  10 
tiorem  faceret,  prrmo  litteras  misit  plumbels  laminis 
inscriptas,  quas  ad  bracchium  religatas  urinatores 
Scultennam  amnem  tranantes  ad  Brutum  deferebant. 
Quin  et  avibus  interntintiis  utebatur.  Columbis  enim, 
quas  inclusas  ante  fame  adfecerat,  epistulas  ad  collum  1:, 
^:eligabat  easque  a  proximo  moenibus  loco  emittebat. 
Jllae,  lucis  cibique  avidae,  altissima  aedificiorum  pe- 
tentes  excipiebantur  a  Decimo  Bruto ;  qui  eo  modo 
4e  omnibus  rebus  certior  fiebat,  utique  postquam  dis- 
posito  quibusdam  locis  cibo  columbas  illuc  devolare  20 

instituerat. 

27 


28  URBIS   ROMAE   VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


The  Alliance  with  Antonius. 

Bellum  Mutiuense  Octavianus  duobus  proeliis  con- 
fgcit;  quorum  in  altero  non  ducis  modo,  sed  militis 
etiam  functus  est  officio  atque  in  media  dimicatione, 
aquilif ero  legionis  suae  graviter  saucio,  aquilam  umerls 

5  subTsse  diuque  f  ertur  portasse.  Postea  reconciliata  cum 
Antonio  gratia  itinctisque  cum  eo  copiis,  ut  Gai  Cae- 
saris  necem  ulcisceretur,  ad  urbem  hostiliter  accessit 
misitque,  qui  nomine  exercittis  sibi  consulatum  depos- 
cerent.     Cunctante  senatti,  centurio  prlnceps  legationis 

10  reiecto  sagulo,  ostendens  gladii  capulum  non  dubitavit 
in  Curia  dicere:  "Hic  faciet,  si  vos  non  feceritis." 


The  Second  Triumvirate:  the  Proscription. 

Ita  cum  Octavianus  vic6simo  aetatis  anno  consula- 
tum invasisset,  pacem  fecit  cum  Antonio  et  Lepido,  ita  b.c. 
ut  triumviri  rei  ptiblicae  constituendae  per  quinquen- 

15  nium  essent  ipse  et  Lepidus  et  Antonius,  et  ut  suos 
quisque  inimicos  proscrlberent.  Quae  proscriptio  Sul- 
lana  longg  crtidelior  fuit.  Exstant  autem  ex  ea  multa 
vel  extremae  impietatis  vel  mirae  fidei  ac  constantiae 
exempla.     T.  Toranius,  triumviroram  partes  secutus, 

20  proscripti  patris  sul,  praetorii  et  ornati  virl,  latebras, 
aetatem  notasque  corporis,  quibus  agnosci  posset,  cen- 
turionibus  edidit,  qui  eum  persecuti  sunt.  Alius  qui- 
dam  cum  proscriptum  se  cognovisset,  ad  clientem 
suum  confugit ;  sed  filius  eius  per  ipsa  vestigia  patris 

25  mllitibus  ductis,  occidendum  eum  in  conspecta  suo 
obiecit. 

Cum  C.  Plotius  Plancus  a  triumvirls  prOscriptus  in 


CAESAR   OCTAVIANUS  AUGUSTUS.  29 

regione  Salernitana  lateret,  servi  eius  comprehensi 
multumque  ac  diti  torti  negabant  se  scire  iibi  dominus 
esset.  Non  sustinuit  delude  Plaiicus  tarn  fideles  tam- 
que  boni  exempli  servos  tilterius  cruciarl;  sed  pro- 
cessit  in  medium  iugulumque  gladiis  militum  obiecit.    5 

Senatoris  cuiusdam  servus  cum  ad  dominum  pro- 
scriptum  occldendum  milites  advenisse  cognosset,  com- 
mutata  cum  eo  veste,  permutato  etiam  anulo,  ilium 
postTco  clam  emisit,  se  autem  in  cubiculum  ad  lectulum 
recepit  et  ut  dominum  occidl  passus  est.  "  Quanti  10 
virl  est,"  addit  Seneca,  "  cum  praemia  proditionis  in- 
gentia  ostendantur,  praemium  fidei  mortem  concupl- 
scere ! " 

Tfie  War  with  Brutus  and  Cassius. 

Octavianus  deinde  M.  Brutum,  interfectorem  Cae- 
B.c.  saris,  bello  persectitus  id  bellum,  quamquam  invalidus  15 
atque  aeger,  duplici  proelio  transegit ;  quorum  priore 
castris  exutus  vix  fuga  evasit.     Victor  acerbissime  s6 
gessit;  in  nobilissimum  quemque  captlvum  non  sine 
verborum  contumelia  saeviit.     Uni  suppliciter  sepul- 
turam  precanti  respondisse  dicitur  iam  istam  in  volu-  20 
crum  fore  potestate.     Alios,  patrem  et  filium,  pro  vita 
rogantes,  sortiri  fertur  iussisse,  ut  alterutrl  concedere- 
tur,  ac  cum  patre,  quia  se  obtulerat,  occiso  filius  quo- 
que  voluntaria  occubuisset  nece,  spectasse  utrumque 
morientem.     Orare  veniam  vel  exctisare  se  conantibus  25 
una  vCce  occurrebat,  moriendum  esse.     Scrlbunt  qui- 
dam  trecentos  ex  dediticiis  6l6ctos  ad  aram  divo  Itilio 
exstructam  Idibus  Martiis  hostiarum  more  mactatos. 


30  URBIS   ROMAE   VIRI  INLUSTRES. 

Antony  and  Cleopatra  Defeated. 

Abalienatus  postea  est  ab  Antonio,  quod  is  repudiata 
Octavia  sorore  Cleopatram,  AegyptI  reginam,  duxisset 
uxorem;  quae  quidem  mulier  cum  Antonio  luxu  et 
deliciis  certabat.  Una  se  cena  centiens  sestertitini 
5  abstimpturam  aliquando  dixerat.  Cupiebat  discere 
Antonius,  sed  fieri  posse  non  arbitrabatur.  Postero 
igitur  die  magnificam  alias  cenam,  sed  cottldianam 
Antonio  apposuit,  inridenti,  quod  promisso  stare  non 
potuisset.   At  ilia  inferri  mensam  secundam  iussit.   Ex 

10  praecepto  ministri  unum  tantum  vas  ante  earn  posuere 
aceti,  cuius  asperitas  visque  margaritas  resolvit.  Ex- 
spectante  igitur  Antonio,  quidnam  esset  acttira,  mar- 
garitam,  quam  auribus  gerebat,  detraxit  et  aceto 
liquefactam  absorbuit.     Victum  Antonium  omnes,  qui 

15  aderant,  pronuntiaverunt. 

Octavianus  cum  Antonio  apud  Actium,  qui  locus  est 
in  Epiro,  navali  proelio  dimicavit.     Victum  et  fugien- 
tem  persectitus  Aegyptum  petiit,  et  Alexandream,  quo  ^gf • 
Antonius   cum   Cleopatra   confugerat,   obsedit.      An- 

20  tonius  in  ultima  rerum  desperatione,  cum  habitu  regis 
in  solio  regali  sedisset,  mortem  sibi  ipse  conscivit. 
Cleopatra,  quam  Octavianus,  Alexandria  in  potesta- 
tem  redacta,  magnopere  cupiebat  vivam  comprehend! 
triumphoque  servarl,  aspidem  sibi  adferendam  curavit 

25  eiusque  morsu  periit.  Cleopatrae  mortuae  communem 
cum  Antonio  sepulturam  tribuit. 

Augustus,  the  Chief  of  the  Boman  State. 

Tandem  Octavianus,  hostibus  victis   solus   imperio 
potitus,  clementem  se  exjiibuit.    Omnia  deinceps  in  eo 


CAESAR  OCTAVIANUS  AUGUSTUS.  31 

plena  mansuetudinis  et  humanitatis, '  Multls  ignovit 
vel  eis,  qui  saepe  graviter  eum  offenderant.  Eeversus 
in  Italiam  triumphans  Komam  ingressus  est.  Turn 
bellTs  toto  orbe  compositis  lani  gemini  portas  sua 
manti  clausit,  quae  bis  tantum  antea  clausae  fuerant,  5 
primum  sub  Numa  rege,  iterum  post  primum  Punicum 
bellum.  Tunc  omnes  praeteritorum  malorum  oblivio 
cepit  populusque  Komanus  praesentis  otil  laetitia  per- 
fruebatur.  Octaviano  maximi  honores  a  senatti  delati 
sunt.  Ipse  Augustus  cognominatus  et  in  honorem  10 
eius  mensis  Sextilis  eodem  nomine  appellatus  est, 
quod  illo  mense  bellis  civllibus  finis  esset  impositus. 
Patris  patriae  cognomen  tiniversi  maximo  consensu 
detulerunt  ei.  Deferentibus  lacrimans  respondit  Au- 
gustus his  verbis :  "  Compos  f actus  votorum  meorum,  15 
patres  conscrlpti,  quid  habeo  aliud  quod  deos  immor- 
tales  precer,  quam  ut  hunc  consensum  vestrum  ad 
ultimum  vitae  finem  mihi  perferre  liceat!" 

Augustus^  Moderation  and  Affability. 

Dictaturam  magna  vi  offerente  populo  deprecatus 
est.  Domini  appellationem  semper  exhorruit  eamque  20 
sibi  tribui  edicto  vetuit.  Immo  de  restituenda  re 
ptiblica  non  semel  cogitavit,  sed  reputans  et  se  pri- 
vatum non  sine  perlculo  fore,  et  rem  publicam  plurium 
arbitrio  commissum  irl,  summam  retinuit  potestatem, 
id  vero  studuit,  ne  quem  novi  status  paeniteret.  Bene  25 
de  els  etiam  quos  adversaries  expertus  erat,  et  sentie- 
bat  et  loquebatur.  Legentem  aliquando  unum  e  iiepo- 
tibus  invenit ;  cumque  puer  territus  volumen  Ciceronis, 
quod  manu  tenSbat,  veste  tegeret,  Augustus   librum 


32  URBIS   ROMAE    VI R I   IXLUSTRES. 

c6pit  eoque  statini  reddito:    "Hic  vir,"  inquit,  "fill 
ml,  doctus  fuit  et  patriae  amans." 

Pedibus  saepe  per  urbem  incedebat  summaque  comi- 
tate adeuntes  excipiebat.  Convenit  aliquando  eum 
5  veteranus  miles,  qui  vocatus  in  ius  perlclitabatur, 
rogavitque,  ut  sibi  adesset ;  statim  Augustus  tinum  e 
comitatti  suo  elegit  advocatum,  qui  litigatorem  com- 
mendaret.  Tum  veteranus  exclamavit,  "  At  non  ego, 
t6  periclitante  bello  Actiaco,  vicarium  quaesivi,  sed 
10  ipse  pro  te  ptignavi,"  simulque  detexit  cicatrices. 
Erubuit  Augustus  atque  ipse  venit  in  advocationem. 

Anecdotes  of  Au{justui< :  the  Talking  Bavens. 

Cum  post  Actiacam  victoriam  Octavianus  Eomam 
reverteretur,  occurrit  el  inter  gratulantes  opif ex  quidam 
corvum  tenens,  quern  mstituerat  haec  dicere :  "  Ave, 

15  Caesar,  victor,  imperator !  "  Miratus  Caesar  officiosam 
avem  viginti  milibus  nummorum  emit.  Socius  opificis, 
ad  quem  nihil  ex  ilia  llberalitate  pervenerat,  adf Irmavit 
Caesarl  habere  ilium  et  alium  corvum,  quem  ut  adferre 
cogeretur  rogavit.     Adlatus  verba,  quae  didicerat,  ex- 

20  pressit :  "  Ave,  AntonI,  victor,  imperator  !  "  Nihil 
exasperatus  Caesar  satis  diixit,  inhere  ilium  dividere 
donatlvum  cum  contubernall.  Salutatus  similiter  a 
psittaco  emi  eum  itissit. 

Exemplum  sutorem  pauperem  sollicitavit,  ut  corvum 

25  institueret  ad  parem  salutationem.  Qui  impendio  ex- 
haustus  saex^e  ad  avem  non  respondentem  dicere  sole- 
bat:  "Opera  et  impensa  periit!"  Aliquando  tamen 
corvus  coepit  dicere  dictam  salutationem.  Hac  au- 
dita, dum  transit,  Augustus  respondit :  "  Satis  domi 


CAESAR   OCTAVIANUS   AUGUSTUS.  33 

taliiim  salutatorum  habeo."  Superfuit  corvo  memo- 
ria,  lit  et  ilia,  quibus  dominum  querentem  solebat 
audire,  subtexeret,  "Opera  et  impensa  periit."  Ad 
quod  Caesar  risit  emique  avem  iussit,  quanti  nullam 
ante  emerat.  5 

The  Needy  Poet. 

Solebat  Graeculus  quidam  desceiidenti  e  Palatio  Cae- 
sar! honorificum  aliqiiod  epigrainma  porrigere.  Id 
cum  frtistra  saepe  fecisset  et  tamen  riirsus  eum  idem 
facturum  duxisset  Augustus,  breve  sua  manu  in  charta 
exaravit  Graecum  epi gramma  et  Graeculo  advenienti  lo 
obviam  misit.  Ille  inter  legendum  laudare  mirarique 
tam  voce  quam  voltu  gestuque.  Deinde  cum  accessis- 
set  ad  sellam,  qua  Caesar  vehebatur,  demissa  in  pau- 
perem  crumenam  manu  paucos  denarios  protulit,  quos 
prmcipi  daret,  dixitque,  se  plus  dattirum  fuisse,  si  15 
plus  habuisset.  Secuto  omnium  risu  dispensatorem 
Caesar  vocavit  et  satis  grandem  pecuniae  summam 
numerari  Graeculo  iussit. 

Food  for  the  Fishes ;  the  Bold  Bird  Catcher. 

Augustus  fere  nulli  sS  invitanti  negabat.  Exceptus 
igitur  a  quodam  cena  satis  parca  et  paene  cottidiana,  20 
hoc  tantum  Insusurravit :  "  Non  putabam  me  tibi  esse 
tam  familiarem.''  Cum  aliquando  apud  Pollionem 
quendam  cenaret  fregissetque  unus  6  servis  vas  cry- 
stallinum,  rapl  eum  ad  mortem  Pollio  iussit  et  obici 
mtlraenls  quas  ingens  piscina  continebat.  Evasit  6  25 
manibus  puer  et  ad  pedes  Caesaris  confugit  nihil  aliud 
petiturus   quam  ut   aliter   perlret  nee   6sca  piscium 


34  URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 

fieret.  Motiis  est  novo  crudelitatis  genere  Caesar  et 
ilium  quidem  mitti,  crystallina  auteni  omnia  coram  se 
frangi  iussit  complerlque  piscmam. 

Augustus  in  quadam  villa  aegrotans  noctes  inquietas 

5  agebat,  rumpente  somnum  eius  crebro  noctuae  cantti. 
Qua  molestia  cum  liberari  se  vehementer  cupere  si- 
gnificasset,  miles  quidam,  aucupii  peritns,  noctuam 
prehendendam  curavit,  vivamque  Augusto  attulit  spe 
ingentis  praemii.     Cui  cum  Augustus  mille  nummos 

10  dari  iussisset,  ille  minus  dignum  praemium  existimans 
dicere  ausus  est,  "Malo  ut  vivat,"  et  avem  dimisit. 
Imperatori  nee  ad  irascendum  causa  deerat  nee  ad 
ulciscendum  potestas ;  banc  tamen  iniuriam  aequo 
animo  tulit  Augustus  hominemque  impunltum  abire 

15  passus  est. 

The  Friendships  of  Augustus. 

Augustus  amicitias  neque  facile  admisit  et  con- 
stantissime  retinuit.  Imprimis  familiarem  habuit 
Maecenatem,  equitem  Eomanum;  qui  ea  qua  apud 
principem  valebat  gratia  ita  semper  tisus  est  ut  prod- 

20  esset  omnibus  quibus  posset,  noceret  neminl.  lils 
aliquando  dicebat  Augustus  et  multos  capite  damna- 
ttirus  videbatur.  Aderat  tum  Maecenas,  qui  per  cir- 
cumstaiitium  turbam  perrumpere  et  ad  tribunal  propius 
accedere   conabatur.     Quod   cum   frustra  temptasset, 

25  haec  verba  in  tabella  scrlpsit,  "  Surge  tandem,  carni- 
fex ! ''  eamque  tabellam  ad  Augustum  proiecit.  Qua 
lecta  is  statim  surrexit  neque  quisquam  est  morte 
multatus. 


CAESAR  OCTAVIANUS  AUGUSTUS.  35 

His  Modest  Home:   His  Appearance. 

Habitavit  Augustus  in  aedibus  modicis,  neque  laxi- 
tate  neque  cultii  conspicuis,  ac  per  annos  amplius  qua- 
draginta  in  eodem  cubiculo  hieme  et  aestate  mansit. 
Supellex  quoque  eius  vix  privatae  elegantiae  erat. 
Karo  veste  alia  usus  est  quam  confecta  ab  uxore,  so-  5 
rore,  filia  neptibusque.  Item  tamen  Komam,  quam 
pro  maiestate  imperii  non  satis  ornatam  invenerat,  adeo 
excoluit,  ut  iure  gloriaretur,  marmoream  se  relinquere, 
quam  laterlciam  accepisset. 


Books  and  "Writing  Materials. 

Forma  fuit  Augustus  eximia  et  per  omnes  aetatis  10 
gradus  venustissima.    Erat  tamen  omnis  lenocinil  ne- 
glegens  et  in  capite  comendo  tam  inctiriosus,  ut  eo  ipso 
tempore,  quo  illud  tonsoribus  committeret,  aut  legeret 
aliquid  aut  etiam  scriberet. 

The  Last  Years  of  Augustus. 

Panels  annis  antequam  moreretur,  gravissimam  in  15 
Germania  accepit  cladem,  tribus  legionibus  cum  duce 
Varo  legatisque-et  auxiliis  omnibus  caesis.     Hac  ntin- 
tiata  excubias  per  urbem  indixit,  ne  quis  tumultus  exsi- 
steret,  et  magnos  Itidos  lovi  optimo  maximo  vovit,  si 


36 


URBIS   ROMAE   VIRI   INLUSTRES. 


r6s  ptiblica  in  meliorem  statum  vertisset.  AcleO  d6- 
nique  consternatum  ferunt  ut,  per  continuos  m6ns6s 
barba  capillOque  siibmisso,  caput  interdum  foribus  in- 
lideret,  vociferans  :  ^'  Qulnctili  Vare,  legioii^s  redde  !  '* 

5  diemque  cladis  quotannis  maestum  habuerit  ac  Itlgu- 
brem. 

Tandem  adflicta  valetudine  in  Campaniam  concessit, 
iibi,  reinisso  ad  otium  animo,  niillo  hilaritatis  genere 
abstinuit.    Supremo  vitae  die  petit5  speculo  capillum 

10  sibi  com!  itissit  et  amicos  circumstantes  percontatus 
ecquid  eis  vid^retur  nilmuni  vitae  commode  trans6gisse, 
adigcit  solitam  clausulam  :  '^  Edite  strepitum  vosque 
omnes  cum  gaudio  applaudite."  Obiit  Nolae  sextum 
et  septuaggsimum  annum  agens. 


Stone  Coffin  {Sarcophagus). 


NOTES. 


A.  =  Allen  and  Greenough  ;  B.  =  Bennett ;  G.  =  Gildersleeve-Lodge  ;  H.  =  Hark- 
ness  ;  Vocab.  =  Vocabulary  ;  Aug.  =  Biography  of  Augustus,  pp.  27-35 ;  Caes.  = 
Biography  of  Caesar,  pp.  8-19  ;  Cic.  =  Biography  of  Cicero,  pp.  20-26 ;  Pomp.  = 
Biography  of  Pompey,  pp.  1-7  ;  c/".  =  compare ;  ftc.  =  supply,  understand  ;  s.v.  —  un- 
der the  word. 

The  numerals  refer  to  page  and  line  of  this  edition. 


GNAEUS   POMPEIUS   MAGNUS. 

PAGE  1,  Line  1.  Gnaeus  Pompeius:  beside  his  given  name 
(praenomen)  a  Roman  had  a  second  name  (ndnien)  which  showed 
his  gens  or  clan.  The  gens  was  a  group  of  families  bound  together 
by  their  (real  or  supposed)  descent  from  a  common  ancestor,  by 
common  religious  rites,  and  certain  mutual  rights  of  inheritance.  — 
bello  civHi:  A.  259,  a;  B.  230,  2;  G.  394,  R. ;  H.  429.  The 
cruelties  and  bloodshed  of  this  war  between  Marius  and  Sulla  (88- 
82  B.C.)  were  long  remembered  and  frequently  referred  to.  Of. 
Aug.  p.  28, 1.  16. 

2.  cum  .  .  .  esset:  "-since  he  teas."  A.  326;  B.  286,  2; 
G.  586;  H.  517. — PompSi:  for  the  contracted  form  of  the  geni- 
tive see  A.  40,  b ;  B.  25,  1  ;  G.  33,  2  ;  H.  51,  5. 

3.  exercitui  suo  :  A.  234  ;  B.  192,  1  ;  G.  359  ;  H.  391.  —facta 
.  .  .  conspiratione :  A.  255;  B.  227  ;  G.  409-410  ;  H.  431.  It  is 
often  best  to  translate  an  ablative  absolute  by  an  independent 
clause:    "a  conspiracy  was  made  .  .  .  and  Terentuis,''''  etc. 

5.  filii :  in  apposition  with  Pompei ;  added,  like  iuveni  below,  to 
distinguish  the  younger  Pompeius  from  his  father,  who  was  also 
named  Gnaeus. — hunc  occidendum  suscSpit:  '■'■undertook  to 
kill  him.''''  For  this  use  of  the  gerundive  see  A.  294,  d  ;  B.  337,  7, 
b,  2  ;  G.  430  ;  H.  544,  n.  2. 

37 


38  NOTES. 

6.  dum  .  .  .  incenderent  :  "-while  others  set  fire  to''"'  ;  the 
subjunctive  is  used  because  it  is  a  part  of  what  Terentius  said  : 
A.  340  ;  B.  323  ;  G.  663,  2.  —  Quae  res  cum  :  notice  the  common 
use  of  the  relative  pronoun  or  adjective  as  a  connective.  In  trans- 
lating use  a  demonstrative  pronoun  and  a  conjunction:  ^^  and 
when  this  matter^''''  etc.     For  the  mood  of  nunti^ta  esset  see 

A.  325  ;  B.  288,  B  ;  G.  585  ;  H.  521,  II,  2. 

7.  cenanti  =  '''■lohile  he  was  dining^  It  is  often  best  to 
translate  a  participle  in  agreement  with  a  noun  by  a  separate 
clause. 

8.  solito  hilarius:   ^^  more  gaily  than  usuaW^      A.  247,  b; 

B.  217;  G.  398;   H.  417.  — eadem   .  .  .  comitate:   A.  249;   B. 
218,  1 ;  G.  407  ;  H.  421,  1.     With  qua  supply  Usus  erat. 

10.  patri  circumdedit  custodiam  =  pair  em  circumdedit  custo- 
did :  A.  225,  d  ;  B.  187,  I,  a  ;  G.  348  ;  H.  384,  II,  2. 

11.  dSatricto  ense  :  see  note  on  facta  conspirdtidne,  line  3. 

13.  in  media  .  .  .  agmina:  ^^into  the  midst  {of  the)  hands^ 
A.  193  ;  B.  241,  1 ;  G.  291,  r.  2  ;  H.  440,  n.  1,  2. 

16.  Sullae :  the  leader  of  the  aristocratic  party,  who  was 
at  this  time  returning  from  the  war  with  Mithridates.  Shortly 
afterwards  he  made  himself  master  of  Rome  and  was  con- 
stituted dictator.  After  a  bloody  vengeance  on  his  enemies, 
the  partisans  of  Marius,  he  made  important  changes  in  the  con- 
stitution of  Rome  in  order  to  secure  the  supremacy  of  his  party. 
He  resigned  from  the  dictatorship,  and  died  in  retirement  b.c.  78. 

17.  diHgergtur:  A.  319;  B.  284,  1;  G.  552;  H.  500,  II.— 
ann5s  .  .  .  n&tus:  see  ?ia«2<s  in  Vocab.,  a  common  phrase.  Com- 
pare, however,  adulescens  XXIV.  annorum^  Pomp.  p.  3,  1.  4  ; 
qudrtum  annum  agens,  Aug.  p.  27,  1.  1 ;  vicesimo  aetdtis  anno, 
Aug.  p.  28, 1.  12. 

18.  Sullae  auxilio  :  "  ^o  aid  Sulla,'' ^  or  ^'- to  the  aid  of  Sulla.''^ 
A.  233,  a ;  B.  191,  2  ;  G.  356 ;  H.  390,  I.  —  ut  .  .  .  veniret :  sub- 
ordinate to  conlegit.  A.  317  ;  B.  282  ;  G.  545  ;  H.  497,  II.  The 
faction  of  Marius  was  supreme  at  Rome.  Pompey,  however,  levied 
troops  in  Italy  without  any  authority,  and  boldly  attacked  and 
defeated  the  armies  gathered  to  oppose  Sulla. 


GNAEUS   POMPEIUS   MAGNUS.  39 

PAGE  2.  2.  ei  .  .  .  taedio  :  see  references  on  Sullae  auxilio, 
p.  1,  1.  18  .  The  literal  translation  would  be  :  "no  toil  was  for  a 
weariness  to  himy  Avoid  the  use  of  un-English  expressions,  and 
render  this:  "  no  toil  wearied  himy 

3.    cibi  vinlque  :  A.  218,  b  ;  B.  204,  1,  a  ;  G.  375  ;  H.  399,  II. 

5.  saltu  .  .  .  cursu  .  .  .  luctando :  abl.  of  respect  or  means. 
Jumping,  running,  wrestling,  together  with  throwing  the  javelin 
and  the  discus,  were  the  common  gymnastic  exercises  for  both 
amateur  and  professional  athletes. 

8.  Quem  ubi  =  et  uhi  eum:  ^^  And  when  {Sulla  heard)  that 
Ae."  See  note  on  Quae  res,  p.  1,  1.  6.  The  accusative  is  the  sub- 
ject of  accedere :  A.  336,  2  ;  B.  314  ;  G.  650  ;  H.  523,  I. 

10.  imperatorem :  military  authority  {imperium)  could,  strictly 
speaking,  be  conferred  only  by  a  special  law.  It  became  customary, 
however,  to  use  the  word  imperdtor  as  a  title  of  honor.  Soldiers 
sometimes  bestowed  it  on  their  general  after  a  successful  battle.  - 
Julius  Caesar  and  nearly  all  of  his  successors  prefixed  it  to  their 
names  ;  hence  the  title  of  emperor. 

11.  ei  venienti:  the  indirect  object  of  adsurgere.  For  the 
translation  see  note  on  cenanti,  p.  1,  1.  7.  —  sella :  abl.  of  separa- 
tion ;  the  preposition  is  often  omitted.  Cf.  tentorio,  p.  1,  1.  10 ; 
ex  equo  and  equo  in  this  sentence. 

15.  occupatam:  do  not  try  to  retain  the  form  of  the  Latin 
expression.     Translate:  ^^ from  Carbo,  who  had  seized  it.''^ 

21.  decrevisset :  from,  decerno.  For  mood  see  note  on  wwniia^a 
essetj  p.  1,  1.  6. 

22.  adversata  fuisset :  the  longer  forms  of  the  auxiliary  sum 
are  frequently  used  in  late  Latin  authors  with  the  same  meaning 
as  the  shorter :  fuisset  =  esset.  For  the  subjunctive  mood  see 
A.  320,  e  ;  G.  626,  K. ;  H.  517.  From  the  use  of  sibi  it  may 
be  seen  that  the  clause  expresses  also  the  thought  or  words  of 
Pompey.  —  eum  facturum :  sc.  esse.  For  the  infinitive  see  note 
on  Quem  ubi,  1.  8.  The  direct  form  might  be  either  (a)  '•Hnique 
fades,  sipunies,'"'  or  (b)  '•'■  inique  facias,  si  punids.'*''  Notice  that 
the  main  clause  (conclusion)  in  either  case  changes  to  the  future 
infinitive  ;  the  subordinate  clause  (condition)  becoipes  subjunctive 


40  NOTES. 

if  not  already  so.  The  tense  of  pimlret  has  been  adapted  to  the 
tense  of  excldmdvit,  the  governing  verb :  A.  337  ;  B.  319,  320 ;  G. 
656;  H.  527, 1-II. 

24.  quisnam  .  .  .  esset :  the  syllable  -nam  added  to  the  inter- 
rogative pronoun  often  gives  a  tone  of  surprise  or  impatience  to 
the  question.  For  mood  of  esset,  see  A.  334  ;  B.  315  ;  G.  467  ; 
H.  529,  I. 

27.  pepercit :  from  pared.  For  the  datives  see  A.  227  ;  B.  187, 
II,  a ;  G.  346  ;  H.  385,  II. 

PAGE  3.  1.  Transgressus  inde,  etc. :  the  participles  trdnsgres- 
sus  and  perseciitus  agree  with  the  subject  (Pompey)  of  oppressit : 
"  having  crossed  .  .  .  and  having  pursued  .  .  .  he  routed.'''* 
These  participles  of  deponent  verbs  are  equivalent  to  English 
perfect  active  participles,  for  which  the  ordinary  Latin  verb  has 
no  corresponding  form.  Hence  there  is  little  need  to  change  the 
form  of  this  sentence  ;  but  see  note  on  ed  voce  audita,  1. 15  below. 

2.   partibus :  see  note  on  pepercit,  p.  2, 1.  27. 

5.  exercitu  dimissd :  translate,  '•'•to  dismiss  his  army  and.'''' 
See  note  on  facta  conspirdtione,  p.  1,  1.  3. 

8.  Romam  revertit:  compare  in  Siciliam  profectus  est,  p.  2, 
1.  14.  Why  not  ad  Bomam?  —  Revertenti:  sc.  el,  the  indirect 
object  of  obviam  ivit.  Translate,  "as  he  returned,''^  '•'•on  his 
return. ' ' 

9.  laetus :  what  part  of  speech  would  naturally  be  used  in 
English  ? 

10.  cognomine:  such  a  name  might  be,  and  often  was,  in- 
herited by  a  man's  descendants  and  thus  became  a  true  family 
name.  Cf.  Cic.  p.  20.  For  the  two  essential  names  of  a  Ro- 
man see  note  on  Gnaeus  Pompeius,  p.  1, 1.  1.  —  nihilo  minus:  for 
the  ablative  see  A.  250  ;  B.  223  ;  G.  403  ;  H.  423. 

11 .  Pompeio :  for  the  dative  see  references  on  pepercit,  p.  2, 1. 27. 

13.   plurSs :  in  what  case  ?     See  note  on  Quern,  p.  2, 1.  8. 

15.  eS  voce  auditt :  "  having  heard  this  speech.''^  The  subject 
of  the  action  expressed  in  such  a  participle  is  frequently  under- 


GNAEUS  POMPEIUS  MAGNUS.  41 

stood  to  be  the  same  as  the  subject  of  the  main  verb.  In  such 
cases,  a  perfect  active  participle  may  be  used  in  translation  where 
the  Latin  has  a  perfect  passive  participle.  See  note  on  Trdnsgres- 
sus,  1.  1. 

16.  Triumphet:  A.  266;  B.  275;  G.  263,  3;  H.  483.  "Ze« 
him  triumph^ 

18.  segnius:  '■'■more  slothfully,^''  i.e.  than  he  ought;  hence, 
"too  slothfnlly.''     A.  93,  a ;  B.  240,  1  ;  G.  297,  2  ;  H.  444,  1. 

19.  gerenti:  agrees  with  Metello ;  for  form  of  translation  see 
note  on  cenanti^  p.  1, 1.  7.  —  Sertorium:  a  general  of  remarkable 
ability  who  took  the  side  of  Marius  in  the  Civil  War.  When 
Sulla  made  himself  master  of  Rome,  Sertorius  was  in  Spain.  By 
the  aid  of  the  natives  and  of  fugitives  of  the  Marian  party  he  main- 
tained an  independent  command,  and  defeated  several  generals  sent 
against  him.  After  ten  years  of  varied  conflict  he  was  assassinated 
by  some  of  his  Roman  followers  b.c.  72. 

20.  Maximum  .  .  .  periculum:  note  the  separation  of  the 
adjective  from  the  noun  for  the  sake  of  emphasis.  Cf.  mdgno  .  .  , 
adiumento,  p.  5, 1.  5. 

21.  vasta  magnitudlne:  "  o/  huge  size.''  A.  251  ;  B.  224; 
G.  400  ;  H.  419,  II. 

24.  &  suis  fugientibus:  "  &|/  his  own  (men)  fleeing,'"  i.e.  by 
the  flight  of  his  men.  Sui  is  often  used  as  a  noun,  meaning  one's 
followers  or  friends  or  relatives. 

27.  Dum  .  .  .  partiuntur:  note  the  present  tense  with  dum, 
meaning  while,  the  usual  tense  even  when  past  time  is  referred  to. 

PAGE  4.    1.  Pompgio  labor anti[   airsilio:    "to  the  aid  of 

Pompey  (who  was)  hard  pressed.''  See  references  on  Bullae 
aiixilio,  p.  1,1.  18. 

2.  fertur :  "is  reported." 

3.  Nisi  supervSnisset,  .  .  .  dimlsissem :  "  if  he  had  not , 

/  would  have ."     What  is  usually  implied  as  to  the  facts  by 

this  form  of  condition  ?     A.  308  ;  B.  304  ;  G.  597  ;  H.  510. 

4.  castlgatum  :  agrees  with  puerum.     In  English  the  tendency 


42  NOTES. 

is  to  express  this  action  also  by  a  verb  in  a  finite  mood:  "  /  would 
have  punished  and  sent  hacky 

8.  piratae  :  they  plundered  up  to  the  very  walls  of  Rome  with 
the  utmost  audacity.  The  grain  supply  of  the  city  was  cut  off  and 
a  famine  was  imminent.  For  an  adventure  with  pirates  see 
Caes.  p.  7. 

9.  ad  eos  opprimendos  :  "  «o  rout  them.''''  Note  that  in  the 
so-called  gerundive  construction  the  verbal  adjective  agrees  with 
the  noun  or  pronoun,  and  does  not  govern  it  as  the  English  trans- 
lation would  suggest.     A.  300  ;  B.  339,  2  ;  G.  432 ;  H.  543. 

10.  imperio  eztraordintrio  :  he  had  authority  over  the  whole 
Mediterranean  and  over  all  places  within  fifty  miles  of  the  sea.  A 
fleet  of  500  vessels  and  an  army  of  125,000  men  were  granted  him, 
besides  the  power  to  take  money  from  the  treasury  as  he  saw  fit. 

11.  nimiae  ..  .  .  potentiae  :  for  case  see  note  on  Pompeio., 
p.  3, 1.  11.    viri  refers,  of  course,  to  Pompey. 

13.  esse  .  .  .  Pompeium  :  indirect  discourse.  See  references 
on  Quem,  p.  2,  1.  8. 

14.  esse  .  .  .  tribuenda :  the  direct  discourse  would  be  :  non 
sunt  uni  omnia  tribuenda,  "  all  things  must  not  he  handed  over 
to  one  (man).''''  For  the  use  of  the  gerundive  see  A.  294,  b  ; 
B.  115  ;  G.  129 ;  H.  234. 

15.  SI  quid  acciderit :  for  the  tense  see  A.  307,  c ;  B.  264 ; 
G.  244,  R.  2  ;  H.  508,  2.     What  tense  would  be  used  in  English  ? 

19.  dispositis  .  .  •  navibus :  see  note  on  ed  voce  audita, 
p.  3, 1.  15. 

20.  brevi:  sc.  tempore.  Compare  the  English  expression 
"shortly"  for  "soon." 

21.  victSs  fudit:  for  the  translation  see  note  on  castigdtum, 
1.  4,  and  observe  the  use  of  acceptos  below. 

23.  intrt  quadr^gesimum  diem :  the  plural  is  used  in 
p.  3,  1.  3. 

26.  Mithrid&tem :  king  of  Pontus,  south  of  the  Black  Sea. 
Cicero  called  him  the  most  formidable  enemy  whom  Roman  arms 
had  yet  met. 


GNAEUS   POMPEIUS   MAGNUS.  43 

PAGE  5.  5.  Quam  cum  :  see  note  on  Quae  res  cum,  p.  1,  1.  6. 

6.  a  tergo  :  "  ai  the  back,''''  "  in  the  rear.''''  In  such  phrases  the 
Latin  expresses  the  direction  from  which  an  object  acts  or  comes, 
while  the  English  expresses  position.  —  longius  :  an  adverb.  The 
force  of  the  comparative  is  not  felt  in  English ;  in  Latin  we  may- 
understand  '•'■than  usual.''''     See  note  on  segnius,  p.  3, 1.  18. 

8.   unde :  "  whence  "  ;  used  for  quibus,  "  by  which.''' 

10.  Pontum :  a  small  kingdom  north  of  the  Black  Sea  is  meant. 

11.  occisis  .  .  .  fratribus:  they  had  rebelled  against  Mithri- 
dates. 

13.   tardius  :    see  note  on  segnius,  p.  3, 1.  18. 

15.  a  quo  .  .  .  petierat:  ^^  whom  he  had  asked.'''  Peto  is 
followed  by  the  preposition  in  spite  of  the  rule  :  A.  239,  2,  c  ; 
B.  178,  a  ;  G.  339,  R.  1 ;  H.  374.— ut  adiuvaret:  "  to  help.'"  A. 
331 ;  B.  294,  295, 1  ;  G.  546  ;  H.  498, 1.  Compare  this  construction 
with  that  referred  to  on  eum  facturum,  p.  2, 1. 22.  Verbs  which  im- 
ply an  original  statement  take  the  infinitive  ;  verbs  which  imply  an 
original  imperative  (will,  wish,  or  exhortation)  take  the  subjunctive. 
Petiit  ab  eo  ut  adiuvaret,  '•'■he  asked  him  to  help,'''  implies,  Adiuvd, 
'-''help  (me).'''  Excldmdvit  eum  inique  facturum  esse,  '■'■he  ex- 
claimed that  he  would  do  wrong,"  implies.  Fades,  ^^you  will 
do." 

19,  recre^tum :  agrees  with  eum ;  for  the  form  of  translation 
see  note  on  castlgdtiim,  p.  4,  1.  4. 

20.  capiti :  verbs  of  placing  are  usually  followed  by  the  ablative 
with  a  preposition.  — iussit :  a  prominent  exception  to  the  rule 
referred  to  in  the  note  on  aditwdret,  1.  15. 

24.  templum  .  .  .  ingressus  est :  an  outrage  to  Jewish  feel- 
ings.   Compare  the  story  in  Acts  of  the  Apostles,  chap,  xxi.,  26-31. 

26.  armatus  :  i.e.  in  command  of  an  army,  as  may  be  under- 
stood from  the  phrase  dimisso  exercitu.  It  had  been  feared  that 
Pompey  would  imitate  Sulla  (as  Caesar  afterwards  did),  and  make 
himself  master  of  Rome. 

27.  biduo:  ''for  two  days."  A.  256,  2,  b ;  B.  231,  1  ;  G.  393, 
R.  2  ;  H.  379,  1. 


44  NOTES. 

PAGE  6.  2.  quod  .  .  .  contigerat :  the  antecedent  of  quod  is 
the  main  clause  :  A.  200,  e  ;  B.  247,  1,  b  ;  G.  525,  2  ;  H. . 

4.  felix  .  .  .  futurus:  literally,  ^^  about  to  be  ha})py^\'  i.e. 
'^  would  have  been  happy.''''     For  this  use  of  the  future  participle 

see  A.  293,  3  ;  B.  304,  3,  b)  ;  G.  597,  3  (a)  ;  H. .    Fuisset  would 

have  brought  the  clause  into  the  ordinary  form.  See  references,  p.  4, 
1.  3.  —  quern  .  .  .  eundem :  agree  with/Iwem;  ^'•the  same  end 
of  life  as  (which)  of  glory  ^^ ;  i.e.  ^^if  he  had  died  at  the  height  of 
his  fame.'''' 

8.  gravi  dissensione:  abl.  abs.  with  ortd.  The  causes  are 
better  explained  in  Caes.  p.  11. — hie  .  .  .  ille :  '■'■the  latter  .  .  . 
the  former ^^''  since  the  one  first  mentioned  is  thought  of  as  further 
from  the  speaker. 

10.  infesto  exercitu :  why  is  cum  omitted  ?  A.  248,  7,  N ; 
B.  222, 1  ;  G.  392,  R.  1 ;  H.  419,  1,  1).     Compare  cum  ed,  1.  11. 

19.  eo  viso  :  "  at  (because  of)  this  sight''''  ;  not  abl.  abs. 

20.  illud  .  .  .  cremandum  curavit :  ^'- had  (caused)  it  (to  be) 
burnedV  Cf.  note  on  occidendum  suscepit,  p.  1, 1.  5.  —  multis  .  .  . 
pretiosissimisque  :  when  multus  and  another  adjective  modify 
the  same  noun  they  are  often  connected  by  a  conjunction  in  Latin, 
as  is  sometimes  the  case  in  English. 

25.  praecepisset  .  .  .  utederet:  '■' ordered  him  to  eaf^  See 
note  on  ut  adiuvdret,\o.  5,  1.  15. — negarent  .  .  .  posse:  '■^ said 
.  .  .  it  could  nof'' ;  the  common  idiom  instead  of  dixerunt  .  .  . 
non 


27.  Lucullum :  an  able  general  whom  Pompey  had  displaced 
when  he  was  sent  to  finish  the  war  against  Mithridates.  Lucullus 
returned  to  Rome  and  gave  himself  up  to  the  enjoyment  of  his  vast 
wealth.  His  luxury  and  extravagance  became  proverbial.  —  sagi- 
naret :  for  the  mood  see  A.  336,  2  ;  B.  314,  1  ;  G.  G50  ;  H.  524.  — 
vetuit:  is  followed  by  an  infinitive;  see  note  on  iussit,  p.  5, 
1.  20. 

29.  Nisi  perditus  esset,  non  viveret :  for  the  form  of  the  con- 
dition and  the  method  of  translation  see  note  on  JVisi  superve- 
nisset,  p.  4, 1.  3. 


GAIUS   lULIUS   CAESAR.  45 

PAGE  7.  1.  esset :  see  references  on  sagindret,  p.  6, 1.  27. 
6.   quod  .  .   .  laborarent :    A.   321  ;   B.   286,   1  ;    G.   541 ;   H. 
516,  II. 

8.  c5nsule  .  .  ,  ingressuro:  "  {when)  the  consul  was  about 
to  enter.'' ^ 

9.  lictor  :  the  consuls,  each  for  a  month  alternately,  were  pre- 
ceded by  twelve  free-born  attendants,  known  as  lictors.  They 
walked  in  single  file  before  him,  each  carrying  a  bundle  of  rods 
(fasces)  from  which  an  ax  projected. — ut  .  .  .  percuteret :  A. 
332  ;  B.  297,  3  ;  G.  557  ;  H.  501,  2.  The  knocking  was  done  with 
the  fasces,  and  was  very  loud,  to  judge  from  the  story  (Livy,  VI, 
34)  of  the  lady  who  was  terrified  by  it.  —  cdnsulem  adesse  :  why 
not  subjunctive  ?    See  note  on  ut  adiuvdret,  p.  5,  1.  15. 

13.  committam:  ^'- nor  shall  I  permit.'''' 

14.  ut  efficiat:  "  io  bring  (it)  about.''"'  The  subjunctives  are 
explained  by  the  main  references  on  ut  .  .  .  percuteret.,  1.  9. 

16.  nihil  esse  bonum :  indirect  discourse,  in  apposition  to  hoc 
ipso.  Honestum  and  tuipe  are  used  in  a  technical  meaning  in  his 
philosophy:  '■Hhere  is  no  good  except  virtue.,  no  ill  except  vice.'''' 
This  was  a  favorite  maxim  of  the  Stoics.  They  admitted,  how- 
ever, that  pain,  poverty,  etc.,  if  not  mala,  were  at  least  ^'■undesir- 
able "  {incommoda),  since  they  could  hardly  be  called  bona. 

19.    quamvis  sis :  A.  313,  a  ;  B.  309,  1  ;  G.  606  ;  H.  515,  III. 


GAIUS   lULIUS   CAESAR. 

PAGE  8.  1.  luliorum  .  .  .  familia  :  the  luliangens  (see  Pomp, 
p.  1, 1. 1)  claimed  descent  from  lulus,  the  son  of  Aeneas,  the  Trojan 
prince  who  founded  the  Roman  race.  For  the  ablative  see  A. 
244,  a  ;  B.  215  ;  G.  395  ;  H.  415,  II. 

2.  annum  agens  sextum  decimum :  ^^  (when)  sixteen  years 
oZ(?."     See  note  on  Pomp.  p.  1,  1.  17. 

3.  Corneliam  :  daughters  were  usually  called  by  the  gentile 
name  of  their  father.  Prima,  Secunda,  etc.,  being  added  to  dis- 


46  NOTES. 

tinguish  them.     Caesar's  father-in-law  was  L.  Cornelius  Cinna, 
prominent  in  the  party  of  Marius. 

5.  ut  .  .  .  repudiaret:  divorces  on  frivolous  pretexts  were 
terribly  frequent  in  Rome  at  this  time.  For  the  subjunctive  see 
note  on  ut  efficiat,  Pomp.  p.  7,  1.  14. 

6.  bonis :  A.  243  ;  B.  214,  1,  b  ;  G.  390,  2  ;  H.  414,  I. 

9.  prope  per  singulas  noctes  :  ^^  almost  every  Jiight.''^ 

10.  ne  .  .  .  perduceretur :  expresses  the  purpose  of  data  pe- 
cuniae '•'■by  giving  money.'''' 

13.  Satis  constat:  "  lY  is  well  known  that.'"'  The  subject  is 
the  infinitive  clause  Sullam  ..  .  .  jwocldmdsse. 

15.  expugnatum:  '■^overcome'''';  agrees  with /S'lfZZam. 

16.  vincerent:  in  direct  discourse,  Vincite,  '■'•Have  it  your  own 
wayy  For  the  mood  see  A.  339;  B.  316;  G.  652  ;  H.  523,  III. 
Notice  that  it  is  essentially  the  same  as  the  construction  explained 
under  adiuvdret,  p.  5, 1. 15,  since  it  is  an  indirect  expression  of  will. 
—  scirent :  what  mood  in  direct  discourse  ?  A.  314  ;  B.  310,  II ; 
G.  573;  H.  513,  I. 

17-19.  eum  .  .  .  partibus  .  .  .  exitio  futurum :  indirect  dis- 
course, the  object  of  scirent.  For  the  dative  see  Bullae  auxilio, 
Pomp.  p.  1,  1.  18. 

18.  secum  .  .  .  defendissent :  in  direct  discourse  :  mecum  .  .  . 
defendistis. 

21.  corona  civica  :  a  wreath  of  oak  leaves  given  to  one  who 
saved  the  life  of  a  citizen  in  battle.  For  the  ablative  see  references 
on  circumdedit,  p.  1,  1.  10. 

PAGE  9.  1.  per  otium :  '■^at  leisure,''''  an  expression  of  manner. 

2.  operam  daret :  "  to  pay  attention  to,''''  i.e.  to  attend  the 
lectures  of. 

3.  dum  traicit :  note  the  tense  ;  see  p.  3,  1.  27. 

7.  ad  expediendas  pecunias :  "  io  procure  money  "  ;  see  note 
on  p.  4,  1.  9.  —  redimeretur :  "  he  ims  to  be  ransomed.''''  For  the 
subjunctive  see  A.  317,  2  ;  B.  282,  2  ;  G.  630  ;  H.  497,  I. 

9.  daturum  .  .  .  spopondit :     in  Latin  verbs  of  promising 


GAIUS   lULIUS  CAESAR.  47 

take  the  future  infinitive  of  indirect  discourse.  What  is  the  Eng- 
lish idiom  ? 

10.  quae  urbs  :  logically  urhs  is  an  appositive  to  Mlletum,  and 
we  might  expect  it  to  he  urbem.  Why  ?  In  Latin,  however,  an 
appositive  which  is  followed  by  a  relative  clause  is  regularly  incor- 
porated into  the  clause.     Translate  :  '■^Miletus,  a  city  ichich,^^  etc. 

12.  invectus:  ^^ having  sailed'''' ;  the  passive  of  veho  is  often 
used  where  in  English  an  intransitive  verb  of  motion  occurs.  It 
may  be  translated  rode^  sailed^  etc. ,  according  to  circumstances. 

15.  inter  locum :  compare  per  iocum^  p.  10,  1.  25,  and  see  note 
on  per  otiuni,  1.  1. 

17.  Quaestori:  sc.  ei,  the  object  of  obvenit.  A  quaestor  was 
a  public  officer  who  superintended  financial  business.  —  obvinit : 
"/eZZ  by  lot "  ;  provinces  were  often  assigned  by  lot. 

18.  ad  conspectum:  "  at  the  sight.'''' 

22.  Dominationis  avidus  :  for  the  genitive  cf.  p.  2,  1,  3. 

24.  violandum  est :  for  the  force  of  the  gerundive  see  note  on 
esse  tribuenda,  p.  4,  1.  14.  —  aliis  rSbus:  "in  other  things'''' ; 
ablative  of  specification.  —  colas :  A.  266,  a  ;  B.  275,  2  ;  G.  263,  2  ; 
H.  484,  IV,  n.  2. 

PAGE  10.   1.  pertaesus  ignaviam:  ^'-  disgusted  with  his  inac- 
tivity.''''   Tlie  genitive  is  usually  found  after  this  participle. 
2.  quod  .  .  .  actum  esset :  see  note  on  Pomp.  p.  7, 1.  6. 

4.  ad  captandas  .  .  .  occasidnes  :  the  gerundive  construction 
with  ad  expresses  purpose.  It  may  be  translated  by  an  infinitive 
or  by  a  clause  with  in  order  that. 

5.  quam  primum  :  A.  93,  b  ;  B.  240,  3  ;  G.  303  ;  H.  170,  2,  (2). 

6.  Aedilis :  the  duties  of  an  aedile  combined  those  of  a  police 
magistrate  and  of  a  commissioner  of  city  works. 

8-9.  quo  factimiest:  ''by  which  it  was  brought  about.''''  For 
the  following  clause,  ut .  .  .  caperet,  see  note  on  ut .  .  .  percuteret, 
p.  7,  1.  9. 

12.  sibi  opus  esse  :  "  that  he  needed.''^  —  miliens  sestertium : 
■with  numeral  adverbs  sestertium  (for  sestertiorum)  means  100,000 


48  NOTES. 

sesterces.     For  the  value  of  this  sum,  100,000,000  sesterces,  see 
Vocab.  s.v.  sestertius. 

13.  societatem  .  .  .  iunxit :  this  union  is  known  as  the  First 
Triumvirate. 

18.   ad  populum  :  i.e.  to  the  assembly  of  the  voters. 

20.  ei :  translate  by  a  possessive  pronoun  with  fasces.  For 
the  dative,  A.  235 ;  B.  188 ;  G.  350,  2  ;  H.  384,  4,  n.  2. 

25.  consulibus  .  .  .  Return:  ^'done  in  the  considship  of  Cae- 
sar and  Bihulus.^''  What  is  the  case  of  the  nouns?  The  whole 
is  the  object  of  scriherent.  The  Romans  commonly  dated  events 
by  naming  the  consuls  of  the  year.  At  times  they  reckoned  from 
the  traditional  date  of  the  foundation  of  Rome,  753  b.c. 

PAGE  11.   1.  consulatu:  A.  249;  B.218, 1;  G.407;  H.  421,1. 

2.  novem  annis  quibus :  ''in  the  nine  years  in  which'''' ;  the 
first  ablative  denotes  the  time  within  which,  the  second  the  time 
in  which. 

4-5.  Germanos  .  .  .  adfScit  cladibus  :  the  meaning  is  that 
Caesar  was  the  first  Roman  who  crossed  the  Rhine  and  defeated 
the  Germans.  But  Caesar  himself  tells  us  of  battles  with  those 
Germans  only  who  had  crossed  into  Gaul.  His  expeditions  in 
Germany  were  very  short  and  unmarked  by  hard  fighting. 

6.  Britannos,  ignotos  antea:  "-not  well  known,''''  perhaps. 
Caesar's  account  of  them  is  the  earliest  that  has  come  down  to  us. 

7.  superatis :  see  note  on  castigdtum,  p.  4, 1.  4.  For  the  dative 
see  A.  227,  f  ;  B.  187,  1  ;  G.346 ;  H.  384,  II. 

7-8.  cum  .  .  .  turn:  see  Vocab.  s.v.  cum. 

9.  illud  egregium  :  ''that  illustrious  {deedy  ;  the  subject  of 
ndrrdtur  understood  from  ndrrantur.  The  substantive  clause  be- 
ginning with  quod  explains  what  the  deed  was. 

12.  ineuudae  fugae  causa  :  causa  with  a  genitive  is  used  to 
express  purpose  ;  compare  testandi  gratia,  p.  10, 1.  25.  ineuudae 
is  from  ineo  ;  for  the  construction  :  A.  298,  c  ;  B.  338,  c  ;  G.  428, 
R.  2  ;  H.  544,  1. 

17.  par&t&s :  why  feminine  ? 


GAIUS   lULIUS   CAESAR.  49 

18.  Parthos  :  an  Oriental  people  whose  empire  embraced  the 
larger  part  of  the  ancient  Persian  dominions. 

19.  nupta  Pompeio:  literally,  ^^  veiled  for  Pompey.''''  This 
participle  is  used  only  in  speaking  of  a  woman. 

22.  Pompeiana  =  Fompei ;  the  Latin  often  used  an  adjective 
derived  from  a  proper  name  where  the  English  employs  the  posses- 
sive case. 

24.  imperfecto  bello  :  "  before  the  war  was  endedy 

26.  suadentibus  .  .  .  amicis  :  "on  the  advice  of  Pompey  and 
his  friends.'''' 

27.  vindicaturus :  A.  293,  b,  2  ;  B.  337, 4  ;  G. 438,  note ;  H.  540, 3. 

PAGE  12.  1.  bellandum  ratus:  ^'■thinking  it  necessary  to 
fight.''''  Bellandum  (esse)  is  the  infinitive  of  the  periphrastic  con- 
jugation ;  cf.  p.  4,  1.  14.  For  the  passive  of  an  intransitive  verb 
see  A.  146,  d  ;  B.  138,  IV  ;  G.  208,  2  ;  H.  301,  1. 

6.  SI  transierimua  :  ^Hfwe  shall  have  crossed'''  ;  see  references 
on  Pomp.  p.  4, 1.  15.  — ponticulum  :  the  diminutive  heightens  the 
effect ;  often  it  conveys  a  tone  of  contempt.  —  agenda  erunt : 
"  will  have  to  he  done.'''' 

9.  Brundisium  :  a  town  in  southeastern  Italy,  from  which  trav- 
elers ordinarily  sailed  to  Greece. 

14.  diutius:  for  the  comparative  see  p.  4,  1.  18.  —  ad  eas 
arcessendas:  "  «o  summon  them.''' 

21-22.   prius  .  .  .  quam  :  also  used  as  one  word,  j^n'MSQ-zmm. 

22.   obrutus  esset :  A.  327  ;  B.  292 ;  G.  577 ;  H.  520,  II. 

25.  Pharsalico  proelio  =  apud  Pharsdlam ;  in  English  ^^the 
battle  of  Pharsala,''  an  idiom  not  found  in  Latin.  For  the  ad- 
jective see  note,  p.  11,1,22.  —  occisum  :  sc.  ewn  esse;  '•'•that  he 
had  been  killed.'''' 

27.  videret :  subjunctive  because  it  was  Caesar's  reason.  See 
p.  1, 1.  6. 

PAGE  13.  1.  quattuor  .  .  .  horis:  ^Hoithin  four  hours.'''  Ob- 
serve the  parallel  phrase  intra  quintum  diem.  —  quibus  :  literally, 
"  within  which  "  ;  translate  "  after.'' 


60  NOTES. 

5.  ante  .  .  .  quam :  also  antequam. 

10-11.  gravius  .  .  .  Hispaniense :  sc.  helium,  the  subject  of 
excepit.  Translate  freely :  "-Caesar  entered  upon  a  more  serious 
war  in  Spain.'''' 

14.  sequentium:  "  o/  those  who  followed.''''  Many  were  at- 
tracted to  him  by  his  father's  fame.  —  Sua  fortuna :  in  this  use 
suus  means  "Ms  usual,''''  "  his  peculiar.'''' 

17.  plus  quam  dubio  Marte :  ^'■the  contest  {being)  more  than 
doubtful.''''  By  a  figure  of  speech  the  name  of  the  god  of  war  stands 
for  battle,  contest,  etc. 

19.    quod  servasset :  for  the  subjunctive  see  Pomp.  p.  7,  1.  6. 

21.  viderent:  direct  discourse  videte ;  quem  here  =  qudlem, 
^'•what  a  general.''''  — deserturi  essent :  A.  129  ;  B.  115  ;  G.  129  ; 
H.  233. 

PAGE  14.  4.  intercalario  mense  sublato  :  ^'- abolishing  the 
intercalary  month.''''  Previous  to  this  time  the  Roman  year  had 
been  shorter  than  the  true  solar  year.  In  order  to  remedy  the  re- 
sulting confusion  the  pontifices  inserted  (intercalated)  a  month 
when  they  deemed  proper,  usually  between  February  and  March. 

6.  Repetundarum :  sc.  pecunidrum  or  rerum ;  property  taken 
unlawfully  by  provincial  governors  was  "to  be  demanded  back  " 
by  the  owner.  Hence  the  phrase  was  used  to  signify  extortion. 
For  the  case  see  A.  220  ;  B.  208,  1 ;  G.  378  ;  H.  409,  II. 

8.  legem  .  .  .  sumptuariam :  laws  to  regulate  and  restrain 
expense  for  dress,  banquets,  etc. 

12.  redigere :  this  and  the  following  infinitives  depend  upon 
destindbat. 

14.  quas  maximas  posset :  "as  large  as  possible.''''  The  sub- 
junctive is  used  because  it  expresses  a  part  of  Caesar's  plan;  see 
note  on  p.  13,  1.  27,  and  compare  the  indicative  effuderant  below, 
1.  17. 

PAGE  17.  1.  coniuratum  .  .  .  est:  "  a  conspiracy  was  made"  ; 
for  the  impersonal  passive  of  an  intransitive  verb  see  p.  12,  1.  1.  — 
a  sezaginta  amplius  viris :  "  6^/  more  than  sixty  men.''^     For  this 


GAIUS   lULIUS  CAESAR.  51 

use  of  amplius  see  A.  247,  c  ;  B.  217,  3;  G.  296,  R.  4  ;  H.  417, 
l,n.  2. 

12.  in  senatum:  the  senate  on  this  occasion  met  in  a  hall 
( Curia)  provided  for  that  purpose  by  Pompey  in  connection  with 
a  theater  which  he  built  in  the  Campus  Martins.  — specie  officii: 
"  with  an  appearance  of  a  duty^^''  i.e.  as  though  to  perform  some 
duty.  Cimber  asked  for  the  recall  of  a  brother  from  exile,  and 
the  others  gathered  around  as  though  to  second  the  request. 

14.  rogaturus:  see  note  on  vindicdturus,  p.  11,  1.  28. — renu- 
enti:  translate,  '■^  and  when  he  refused'''' ;  literally,  "-for  him  re- 
fusing.^''    See  note  on  el,  p.  10, 1.  20. 

20.  toga  caput  obvolvit :  the  toga  of  this  period  was  quite 
voluminous  enough  to  serve  this  purpose.     See  frontispiece. 

22.  quern  filii  loco  habebat :  "  whom  he  used  to  consider  as  a 
son.'''' 

24.    constitit :  "  /<  was  agreed.'''' 

26.   ex  sententia  :  ^'- according  to  his  desire,'''' 

26.  apud  Xenophontem :  "in  {the  works  of)  Xenophon.''^ 
The  one  referred  to  is  the  Cyropaedia,  which  purports  to  be  an 
account  of  the  education  and  life  of  Cyrus  the  Great. 

29.  pridie  quam :  here  takes  the  construction  of  prius  quam ; 
see  note  on  ohrutus  esset,  p.  12, 1.  22.  —  nato :  "  ivhich  occurred  "  ; 
literally  ^^born.^^  The  following  indirect  question  gives  the  topic 
of  the  conversation. 

PAGE  18.  4.  mortesua:  ^'' a  natural  death''''  ;  see  note  on  swa 
fortuna,  p.  13, 1.  14.     For  the  case  see  note  on  consuldtu,  p.  11, 1. 1. 

4-5.  alius  alio  casu:  "owe  by  one  fate  and  another  by 
another  ^^  ;  a  common  idiom. 

8.  Quo  rarior  .  .  .  hoc  magis :  ^^  the  more  rare  .  .  .  the 
more.''  For  the  ablative  see  A.  250,  Rem.  ;  B.  223 ;  G.  403 ; 
H.  423. 

14.  ne  .  .  .  darent :  ' '  lest  they  give  occasion  for  taking  severer 
measures  against  many.'' 

15.  quod  .  .  .  soleret :  a  substantive  clause ;  the  subjunctive 


52  NOTES. 

is  due  to  the  fact  that  it  is  quoted.  In  1.  11,  p.  11,  quod  .  .  .  aciem 
.  .  .  restituit,  the  regular  indicative  appears. 

19.  non  ignorabat  =  "  i^e  icell  knew.''''  To  strengthen  a  state- 
ment by  denying  the  opposite  is  called  Litotes. 

23.  ezcelsa  statura:  "  of  lofty  statnre.^'  Cf.  note,  p.  3,  1.  21. 
—  paulo  pleniore  :  "a  little  larger''''  (i.e.  than  ordinary). 

25.  quam  deformitatem  .  .  .  aegre  f erebat :  "a?td  this  dis- 
figurement annoyed  him.'''' 

28.  laureae  .  .  .  gestandae  :  "  o/  wearing  a  laurel  wreath, ^^ 
which  was  the  ornament  of  a  general  while  celebrating  a  triumph. 

29.  Vini  parcissimum  :  ^^very  sparing  {in  his  use)  of  icine  "  ; 
see  note  on  cihi  vinique,  p.  2,  1.  3. — ne  .  .  .  quidem :  "?io« 
even,"  an  emphatic  non.  Notice  the  position  of  the  word  with 
which  the  negative  is  used. 

30.  unum  ex  omnibus  :  with  numerals  the  ablative  commonly 
takes  the  place  of  the  partitive  genitive.  Translate  :  "  Caesar 
teas  the  only  one  of  them  all  who,''''  etc. 

PAGE  19.  6.  inflatis  utribus  :  A.  254,  b ;  B.  218,  3;  G.  401, 
n.  6;  H.  425,  1,  1),N. 


MARCUS  TULLIUS   CICERO. 

PAGE  20.  3.  in  eztrSmo  naso :  see  references  on  in  media 
dgmina,  p.  1,  1.  13. 
4.   cognomen :  see  note  on  p.  3, 1.  10. 

8.  ubi  .  .  .  interesset :  a  clause  of  purpose. 

9.  aetas  puerHis  :  '-youth.'''' 

11.    cum  .  .  .  turn:   see  Vocab.  s.v.  cum. 

13-14.   qui  .  .  .  adirent :  indirect  discourse. 

14.    scholas  :  ad  or  in  might  have  been  used  to  govern  the  noun. 

16.  re  publica:  '' the  commonwealth,^^  '' the  state. ''^ 

17.  viam  muniri:    the  regular  phrase  for  building  a  road  or 
making  a  way.    See  Caes.  p.  10, 1.  15. 


MARCUS  TULLIUS   CICERO.  53 

19-21.  eos  .  .  .  sectaretur  :  Cicero  tells  us  {De  AmicU.  I)  :  '  / 
icas  introduced  by  my  father  to  Scaevola  [a  famous  lawyer]  so  that 
as  far  as  possible  I  might  never  quit  his  side.  And  so  I  committed 
to  memory  many  sayings  of  his  and  desired  to  become  better  in- 
formed by  his  wisdom.'' 

PAGE  21.  1.  Primum  .  .  .  ostendit:  ^'•he  first  showed.''''  Con- 
trast Caes.  p.  11,  1.  A,  primus  .  .  .  adfecit,  '■'•he  icas  the  first  loho 
inflicted.'''' 

3.  Chrysogoni:  limits  potentiam.  Freedmen  were  often  the 
most  servile  and  unscrupulous  agents  of  their  former  master.  Cf. 
Caes.  p.  9, 1.  10,  for  another  allusion. 

12.   quod  .  .  .  privaretur  :  why  is  the  subjunctive  used  ? 

14.    quaestor  =  ^'■when  he  was  quaestor.''''     Cf.  p.  9,  1.  17. 

19.  praetori :  an  officer  of  much  higher  rank  than  a  quaestor. 
Their  duties  at  Rome  were  mainly  judicial,  but  after  their  year 
of  office  they  often  served,  as  did  the  consuls,  as  governors  of 
provinces. 

26.  secundo  bell5  Punic 6  :  the  famous  struggle  against  the 
Carthaginians  led  by  Hannibal,  b.c.  218-202. 

PAGE  22.  2.  neutra  manu :  A.  253  ;  B.  226  ;  G.  397  ;  H.  424. 

4.  vinculorum  =  e  vinculis. 

5.  nullo  non  dig  :  "  every  day.''''  Distinguish  from  nonnulli 
dies,  '•'■some  days,"  and  similar  expressions. 

7.  insidente  eo:  use  the  common  phrase,  ^'•beneath  him.'" 
9.    duodgna:   why  not  duodecim  ?    A.  95,  b;  B.  81,4,  b;  G. 
97,3;  H.  174,  2,  3). 

19.  Actum  erat  dg:  for  the  translation  see  Vocab.  s.v.  ago. 

For  the  indicative  in  this  form  of  condition  see  A.  308,  b  ;  B. ; 

G.  597,  2  ;  H.  511,  1,  n.  4. 

20.  in  .  .  .  consulgs :  translate,  '•'■when  C.  and  A.  were  con- 
suls.''''    See  note  on  p.  10,  1.  25. 

22-23.  in  .  .  .  reum  =  Catilinam. 

23.   incendium   .   .   .  minitans :   threatening  to  stop  the  con- 


54  NOTES. 

flagration  of  his  own  house  by  destroying  his  neighbor's.  Note 
that  the  verb  of  threatening  takes  the  same  construction  as  a  verb 
of  promising ;  see  p.  9,  1.  9. 

PAGE  23.  2.  supplicio  mortis:  by  Roman  law  a  father 
might  put  his  children  to  death,  —  a  right  which  probably  was  not 
often  exercised. 

6.  infestis  signis  :  '''"with  hostile  army.''''  Cf.  infesto  exercitH, 
p.  6, 1.  10. 

7.  dimicatum  sit  =  ^^they  fought '''' ;  for  the  voice  see  refer- 
ences on  p.  12, 1.  1. 

11.  pulcherrima  morte :  translate,  "a  glorious  deatJi,  if  he 
had  fallen, ^^  etc.  In  what  form  would  the  full  condition  be  ex- 
pressed ? 

12.  Senatus  populusque  Romanus:  the  regular  expression 
for  the  government  of  Rome  ;  often  abbreviated  S.  P.  Q.  R. 

14.   fuisse  iniectum  =  esse  iniectum  ;  see  p.  2,  1.  22. 
23.   ut  dispezerim  =  ut  dicam  me  dispexisse^  ^^asto  say  that  I 
perceived. ' ' 

25.  optimum  factu:  ''best  to  do.''  A.  303;  B.  340,  2;  G. 
436 ;  H.  547. 

26.  Paucis  post  amiis :  A.  259,  d  ;  B.  223  ;  G.  403,  4 ;  H. 
430.  — diem  dixit :  "  accAised  "  ;  literally,  "  appointed  a  day  (for 
a  trial).''''  —  tribunus  plebis:  these  tribunes  were  officers  elected 
to  protect  the  plebeians.  At  first  they  possessed  only  the  right  of 
veto,  but  in  the  course  of  time  they  had  become  extremely  powerful. 

27.  Gives  Romands:  i.e.  the  conspirators.  They  were  con- 
demned by  a  vote  of  the  senate. 

PAGE  24.  2.  veste  mutata :  i.e.  having  put  on  mourning 
(soiled,  dingy)  robes. 

4.    quam  =potius  quam,  "  rather  than.'" 

6.  ut .  .  .  interdiceretur  :  the  regular  formula  for  banishment. 
—  Marco  Tullio  :  in  the  active  voice  we  should  have  iyiterdicere 
Tullio  ignl  et  aqua.    When  the  verb  is  changed  to  the  passive  the 


MARCUS   TULLIUS   CICERO.  55 

dative  remains,  although  in  thought  it  is  the  subject  of  the  verb. 
A.  225,  e ;  B.  187,  II,  b ;  G.  217  ;  H.  384,  5. 

10.  omnium  ordinum  :  "  o/aZZ  raw^•s"  ;  i.e.  senators,  knights, 
and  common  people. 

11.  itinere,  quo  :  literally,  '■^than  the  journey  by  which.'''' 

12.  ei :  the  phrase  obviam  eo  (see  Vocab.)  governs  the  dative. 

13.  itum  est:  from  eo.  For  the  voice  cf.  note  on  dlmicdtum 
sit,  p.  23,  1.  7.     Translate,  ^^  all  wenf^ 

18.   inter  se:  "«o  each  other.''^ 

25.  Bocietate :  the  Second  Triumvirate,  an  agreement  by  which 
Octavianus,  Antony,  and  Lepidus  shared  the  power  of  the  state. 

27.  a  marl  prozimS:  ^^  nearest  to  the  sea.''''  The  Latin  also 
uses  the  dative  ;  cf.  p.  27,  1.  IQ,  proximo  moenibus. 

PAGE  25.  1.  provectum:  see  note  on  invectus,  p.  9, 1.  12.  — 
modo  .  .  .  modo :  see  Vocab. 

5.  Satis  constat:  "  lY  is  well  known.''''  The  subject  is  the 
clauses  servos  .  .  .  fuisse,  ipsum  iussisse. 

8-9.  Prominent!  .  .  .  praebenti :  agi-ee  with  ei  understood ; 
see  references  on  ei,  Caes.  p.  10,  1.  20. 

13.  quibus  se  ipsa  commiserat :  i.e.  the  senate  and  the  offi- 
cers elected  under  its  influence. 

17.  homine  docto  :  A.  245,  a,  1 ;  B.  226,  2  ;  G.  397,  n.  2  ;  H. 
421,  III. 

18.  rura  peragrabat:  i.e.  passed  his  time  in  his  various  coun- 
try seats. 

PAGE  26.  5.  aliquid  :  adverbial;  "m  something, ^^  ^^ some- 
what.''' 

9.  Latinarum  litterarum  parens:  Cicero's  writings  are  ac- 
cepted as  the  model  of  Latin  prose  style. 

11.  oportere  :  impersonal;  ^^  that  one  ought.''"' 

12.  SI  quid  insit  boni :  ^^  whatever  (of)  good  there  is." 

14,  generum :  better  known  by  the  name  of  Dolabella,  the 
third  husband  of  Cicero's  daughter  Tullia. 


56  NOTES. 

18.  triginta  .  .  .  annos  habere:  see  note  on  p.  1,  1.  17. 

19.  audio  :  for  the  force  of  the  tense  see  A.  276,  a  ;  B.  259,  4 ; 
G.  230. 

22.  salutatum :  A.  302  ;  B.  340,  1 ;  G.  435  ;  H.  546. 

23.  restlnemus  :  A.  266  ;  B.  274  ;  G.  263,  1  ;  H.  483.  —  abeat : 
see  note  on  ohrutus  esset,  p.  12,  1.  22. 

26.  viderit:  the  subjunctive  is  due  to  the  causal  force;  "since 
he  did  noty 


CAESAE  OCTAVIANUS   AUGUSTUS. 

PAGE  27.  1.  Octavianus  :  his  name  was  at  first  Gains  Octavius. 
When  adopted  he  took,  as  usual,  the  name  of  his  adoptive  father, 
Gains  lulius  Caesar,  and  added  the  adjective  Octavianus.  It  was 
not  until  27  b.c.  that  he  was  given  the  title  of  Augustus,  by  which 
he  is  generally  known. 

5.  studiis  vacavit :  '■'■icas  at  leisure  for'' \-  "■  gave  himself  to.'''' 

6.  heredemque  se  :  sc.  esse.    Caesar  left  no  direct  descendants. 
9-10.  urbis  aditu:  "  access  io  the  city." 

14.  Columbis:  dative  of  reference;  the  English  idiom  would 
lead  us  to  expect  cohimbdrum  (colhim). 

15.  fame  adfecerat :  "  had  starved.''''    Note  the  unusual  e. 

17.  altissima  aediiiciorum :  '■'■the  highest  (parts)  of  the 
houses,^''  i.e.   roofs. 

PAGE  28.  1.  Bellum  Mutinense :  "  the  campaign  of  Muti)ia'\' 
for  the  adj.  cf.  Pharsdlico  proelio,  p.  12,  1.  25. 

3.   officio  :  see  reference  on  p.  11, 1.  1. 

5.   sublsse  =  subivisse,  from  subeo. 

8.    qui  .  .  .  dSposcerent :  cf.  note  p.  9,  1.  7. 

11.  vos:  the  presence  of  the  pronoun  shows  that  the  subject  is 
emphatic.  —  feceritis  :  in  English  use  the  simple  future  ;  the  Latin 
calls  attention  to  the  relative  time  of  the  actions. 


CAESAR   OCTAVIANUS  AUGUSTUS.  57 

13-14.  ita  ut  .  .  .  essent :  purpose  rather  than  result.  Trans- 
late, "on  condition  tliaf^ 

14.  rei  publicae  constituendae :  "^o  arrange  the  constitu- 
tion'''';  for  the  dative  gerundive  construction  see  A.  299,  b;  B. 
339,  7  ;  G.  429,  1  ;  H.  544,  2,  n.  3. 

16.    Sullana :  sc.  proscriptione. 

21.    quibus  .  .  .  posset :  cf.  qui .  .  .  deposcerent,  1.  8. 

25.  occidendum  eum  :  cf.  note  on  p.  1, 1.  5.  Contrast  with  ad 
dominiim  occidendum,  p.  29, 1.  6. 

PAGE  29.  2.  torti:  concessive  in  force.  The  evidence  of 
slaves  was  usually  given  under  torture. 

8.  anulo  :  a  signet  ring  was  worn  by  every  Roman  ;  the  higher 
ranks  had  rings  of  gold,  the  lower  of  iron. 

10.  ut  dominum  =j9ro  domino,  '-^instead  of  his  master.''''  — 
Quanti  viri  est  .  .  .  concupiscere  :  literally,  "o/  how  great  a 
man  is  it  to  desire.''''  For  the  genitive,  A.  214,  1,  d  ;  B.  198,  3  ; 
G.  366,  R.  1  ;  H.  401.  Translate,  ^^  How  noble  a  man  is  he 
who,''^  etc. 

11.  cum  .  .  .  ostendantur:   '■'■  although.,'''' etc. 

16.  duplici  proelio :  at  Phiiippi  in  Macedonia  in  the  autumn 
of  42  B.C.  Brutus  and  Cassius  encountered  Octavianus  and  Antony 
in  two  engagements  twenty  days  apart, 

18-19.  noil  sine  .  .  .  contum§lia  :  an  example  of  Litotes ;  see 
p.  18,  1.  19. 

23.  patre  .  .  .  occiso  :  '•'•  after  the  father  had  been  killed.'''' 

24.  voluntarit  .  .  .  nece :  the  accusative  is  often  used  with 
occumbo  in  the  same  sense.  Translate,  "-died  a  voluntary 
death.'' 

26.  moriendum  esse :  in  direct  discourse  :  moriendum  est.  For 
the  form  cf.  note  on  bellandum,  p.  12,  1.  1. 

27.  divo  lulio  :  Caesar,  and  other  Roman  emperors  after  him, 
were  worshiped  as  gods  after  their  death,  Augustus  consecrated 
a  temple  to  Caesar  near  the  temple  of  Vesta  on  the  Roman 
Forum. 


58  NOTES. 

PAGE  30.  4.  centiens  sestertium  :  see  note  on  p.  10,  1.  12. 

7.  magnificam  alias:  i.e.  which  would  have  been  considered 
grand  under  other  circumstances. 

8.  inridenti:  ^^who  laughed  {at  her)  "  ;  see  note  on  p.  1,  1.  7. 

10.  Ex  praecepto  :  '■'- according  to  directions.'''' 
12.    esset  actura:  see  references  p.  13,  1.  21. 
17.   Victum  et  fugientem :  note  the  case. 

21.  mortem  .  .  .  conscivit :  the  regular  expression  for  suicide. 
Note  that  the  subject  is  made  emphatic  by  the  presence  of  ipse, 
while  in  English  the  whole  emphasis  is  thrown  upon  the  object. 

24.   adferendam  curavit :  cf.  cremandum  curdvit,  p.  6,  1.  20. 
27.   imperio  potitus  :  A.  249  ;  B.  218,  1  ;  G.  407  ;  H.  421,  1. 

PAGE  31.  4.  gemini:  so  called  because  usually  represented 
as  two-faced,  looking  into  the  past  as  well  as  the  future. 

6.  Numa  rege  :  b.c.  715-673  according  to  tradition. — pnmum 
Punicum  bellum :  b.c.  264-241. 

8.   laetitia  :  see  on  imperio  above. 

11.  mSnsis  SextHis  :  similarly  in  honor  of  Caesar,  the  name  of 
the  preceding  month  had  been  changed  from  Qinntilis  to  lulius. 
At  this  time  the  Eoman  year  began  with  January,  but  it  is  easy  to 
see  with  what  month  it  had  once  begun. 

15.  Compos  factus  votorum:  translate  freely,  ^'- since  all  my 
prayers  have  been  answered^  For  the  genitive,  A.  218,  a  ;  B.  204, 
1  ;  G.  374,  3  ;  H.  399,  3. 

16-17.  quod  .  .  .  preoer:  not  '^  which  I  pray  for, ^^  but  '^  to 
pray  for'' ;  A.  320,  a;  B.  283,  2  ;  G.  631,  2  ;  H.  503,  I. 

22.  non  semel:  i.e.  ^^ several  times'' ;  an  example  of  iiYo^es. 

24.  commissum  iri :  the  future  passive  infinitive. 

25.  ne  .  .  .  paeniteret :  ^^  that  no  one  should  regret  the  new 
order  of  things."  For  the  cases  see  A.  221,  b  ;  B.  209, 1 ;  G.  377  ; 
H.  409.  III. 

PAGE  32.  7.  qui  .  .  .  commendaret :  why  is  the  subjunc- 
tive used  ? 


CAESAR  OCTAVIANUS  AUGUSTUS.  59 

16.   viginti  milibus  nummorum :    nummus  here  =  sestertius. 
For  the  ablative,  A.  252 ;  B.  225  ;  G.  404  ;  H.  422. 
27.    periit :  A.  205,  b  ;  B.  255,  3  ;  G.  285,  2  ;  H.  463,  II,  3. 
29.   dum  transit :   for  the  tense  see  p.  3,  1.  27. 

PAGE  33.  2.  quibus:  ^^  with  which''  (words). 
4.    quanti :  A.  252,  a ;  B.  203,  3  ;  G.  380,  2  ;  H.  405. 

6.  Graeculus :  see  note  on  ponticulum,  p.  12,  1.  6. 

11.  inter  legendum:  ^^  while  reading.'"  —  laudtre:  historical 
infinitive :  A.  275  ;  B.  335  ;  G.  647  ;  H.  536,  1.  Note  the  case  of 
the  subject. 

14-15.   quos  .   .  .  daret :  why  subjunctive  ? 

15.  daturum  fuisse:  in  direct  discourse  dedissem.  For  the 
force  of  the  condition  see  note  on  p.  4,  1.  3. 

23.  vas  crystallinum :  the  collection  of  costly  vessels,  furni- 
ture, etc.,  was  eagerly  pursued  by  the  wealthy  Romans  of  this 
age. 

27.  petiturus  =  ut  petat. 

PAGE  34.  1.  crudSlitatis :  observe  that  it  is  the  cruelty, 
not  the  injustice,  of  the  punishment  which  produced  an  im- 
pression. 

7.  aucupii  perltus :  A.  218,  a  ;  B.  204,  1  ;  G.  374,  n.  4 ; 
H.  399,  2. 

10.  minus  dignum:  '-^less  valuable,'"'  i.e.  than  he  deserved. 
Translate,  ^^  too  small." 

12.  Imperatdri  .  .  .  deerat:  ^^  the  emperor  did  not  lack.""  For 
the  dative,  A.  231,  a  ;  B.  190  ;  G.  349,  4  >  H.  387. 

18.   MaecSnatem  :  the  friend  and  patron  of  Vergil  and  Horace. 
18-19.    ea  .  .  .  gratia :  governed  by  usus  est. 

20.  noceret:  note  the  lack  of  a  conjunction. 

21.  capite  =  "«o  death."  A.  220,  b,  1 ;  B.  208,  2,  b  ;  G.  378, 
R.  3 ;  H.  410,  III. — damnatunis:  '^likely  to  condemn."  How 
does  this  differ  from  vindicdturiis  ?  p.  11, 1.  28. 


60  NOTES. 

PAGE  35.  1.  in  aedibus  modicis :  see  Vocab.  s.v.  PaZaeiww. 
2.   amplius:  see  p.  17,  1.  1. 

13-14.   legeret  .  .  .  scrlberet :  in  either  case  probably  by  the 
aid  of  a  slave. 
15.   moreretur :  see  note  on  p.  12,  1.  22. 

19.  optimd  maximo  :  the  common  epithets  of  Jupiter  in  pray- 
ers, oaths,  dedications,  etc. 

PAGE  36.  1.  vertisset:  the  original  condition  contained  a 
future  perfect:  "  if  the  state  will  have  changed.''''  Cf.  si  trdnsieri- 
mus,  p.  12, 1.  6.  In  indirect  discourse  the  future  perfect  became 
a  pluperfect. 

2.  ferunt :  "  they  say.''"' 

3.  submissd :  to  be  taken  with  harhd  also  ;  =  uncut. 

12.  solitam  clausulam:  spoken  by  an  actor  at  the  close  of 
a  play. 


VOCABULARY. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 

abbr. 

=  abbreviation. 

impers 

=  impersonal. 

adj. 

=  adjective. 

inch. 

=  inchoative. 

adv. 

=  adverb. 

indec. 

=  indeclinable. 

caus. 

=  causative. 

indef. 

=  indefinite. 

cf. 

=  compare. 

intens. 

=  intensive. 

conj. 

=  conjunction. 

m. 

=  masculine. 

contr. 

=  contraction. 

n. 

=  neuter. 

def. 

=  defective. 

num. 

=  numeral. 

dim. 

=  diminutive. 

prep. 

=  preposition. 

f. 

=  feminine. 

red. 

=  reduplicated. 

freq. 

=  frequentative. 

subst. 

=  substantive. 

ger. 

=  gerund,  gerundive. 

* 

=  obsolete  or  ideal  form 

A.,  abbr.  for  Aitlns,  a  Roman 

forename  (praenomen) . 
a,  ab,  abs,  prep,  with abl.,  /rom, 

away  from;   of   time,   after, 

since  ;  of  agency,  by. 
abalieno,      -are,      -avi,     -atus 

[ab  +alienus,  foreign],  to  es- 
trange. 
abdo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus  [ab  + 

*do,  to  place],  to  put  away, 

hide. 
abeo,  -ire,  -il,  -iturus  [ab+  e5], 

to  go  away,  go  out,  depart. 
abicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus  [ab 

4-  iaciO],  to  throw  away,  throw 

down. 
abscedo,  -cedere,  -c6ssi,  -cessus 

[abs  +  cedo],  to  depart. 


abscido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -cisus 
[abs  +  caedO],  to  cut  off,  hew 
off. 

absens,  -entis  [absum],  adj., 
absent. 

absorbed,  -sorbSre,  -sorbui, 
-sorptus  [ab  +  sorbeo,  to  swal- 
low], to  swallow. 

abstineo,  -tinere,  -tinui,  (-tentus) 
[abs + teneo] ,  to  refrain  from  ; 
absent  oneself  from. 

absum,  -esse,  afui,  afutiirus  [ab 
-(-  sum],  to  be  away,  be  dis- 
tant; proxime  aberat,  was 
nearest. 

absumo,-sumere,-sumpsi,  -siimp- 
tus  [ab  -f-  siimo],  to  consume. 

ac,  see  atque. 

accedo,  -cedere,  -c6ssi,  -cessurus 
[ad+cedo],  to  approach,  come. 


61 


62 


VOCABULARY. 


accido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  [ad 

+  cadO,  to  faW]^  to  happen^ 
befall. 

acciDgo,  -cingere,  -cinxi,  -cinctus 
[ad  +  cingO,  to  gird],  to  gird 
oil,  gird. 

accipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptiis 
[ad  +  capiO],  to  receive,  accept. 

accommodo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[ad  4-  commodO,  to  Jif],  to  con- 
form ;  fit  to. 

ac-cuso,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ad  + 
causa],  to  accuse,  blame. 

acerbe  [acerbus] ,  adv. ,  harshly, 
cruelly. 

acerbus,  -a,  -um  [acer,  sharp"], 
adj.,  harsh,  cruel. 

acetum,  -i  [aceo,  to  soui''],  n., 
vinegar. 

acies,  -ei  [cf.  acer,  sharp],  f,, 
edge ;  line  of  battle  ;  aci6  fun- 
dere,  to  defeat  in  battle. 

acriter  [acer,  sharp],  adv., 
sharply. 

Actlacus, -a,  -um,  adj.,  pertain- 
ing to  Actium. 

Actium,  -1,  n.,  Actium,  a  head- 
land on  the  coast  of  Epirus; 
also  a  town  near  it. 

ad,  prep,  with  ace,  to,  towards ; 
of  purpose,  for;  of  position, 
at,  near ;  according  to. 

addo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus  [ad  + 
*do,  to  place],  to  add,  join. 

adeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus  [ad+e5], 
to  go  to  ;  enter  on  ;  meet. 

adeo  [ad  -^  e6,  from  is] ,  adv. , 
so,  so  much ;  even. 


adfero,    -ferre,    attuli,    adlatus 

[ad-f  fero],  to  bring  to. 
adficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectus  [ad 
-f  facio],  to  inflict;  visit  with, 
afflict. 
adfiuis,  -is  [ad  -|-  finis,  end,  bor- 
der], m.  and  f,,  a  relation  by 
marriage. 
adfirmo,    -are,  -avi,  -atus   [ad 
-f  firmO],  to  maintain,  declare. 
adflictus,  -a,  -um  [perf.  part, 
of    ad-fligo,    to    cast   down], 
afflicted,  shattered. 
adhibeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus  [ad  -}- 

habeO],  to  invite,  summon. 
adhortatio,  -onis  [ad  +  hortor, 

to  urge],  f.,  exhortation. 
I  adicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus  [ad 
I      +  iaciO],  to  add. 
I  aditus,    -us    [ad-e6],    m.,    ap- 
j     proach. 

i  adinmentuin,  -i  [cont.  from  ad- 
I     iuvamentum,    from   ad-iuv5], 
'      n.,  Jieljy,  assistance. 
adiuugo,  -iungere,  -iiinxi,  -ifinc- 

tus  [ad  -f  iungo],  to  join  to. 
j  adiuvo,  -are,  -iuvi,  -iutus  [ad  + 
I     iuv5,  to  help],  to  help. 
j  adligo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ad  -j- 
I     ligo,  to  tie],  to  bind  to. 
!  administro,  -are, -avi, -atus  [ad- 
minister, an  assistant],  to  man- 
age, govern. 
I  admirandus,  -a,  -um  [ger.  from 
ad-miror,  to  wonder  at],  adj., 
1     admirable. 

admiratio,  -Onis  [ad-mlror,  to 
1      wonder  at],  f.,  admiration. 


VOCABULARY. 


63 


admitto,  -raittere,  -misi,  -missus 
[ad  +  mitt5],  to  admit ;  aniici- 
tias  admittere,  to  form  friend- 
ships. 

admoneo,  -inon6re,  -monul,  -mo- 
nitus  [ad  +  mone5],  to  admon- 
ish^ warn. 

adopto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ad  + 
opto,  to  choose],  to  adopt. 

adoro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ad  + 
oro],  to  adore. 

adripio,  -ripere,  -ripui,  -reptus 
[ad  +  rapio],  to  seize. 

adsido,   -sidere,  -sedi,  ,  to 

sit  down. 

adsum,  -esse,  -fui,  -futurus  [ad 
+  sum],  to  he  present;  aid. 

adsurgo,  -surgere,  -surrexi,  -sur- 
rgctus  [ad  4-  surg5],  to  rise  tip. 

adulescens,  -eiitis  [pres.  part, 
of  ad-olesco,  to  grow],  m.  and 
f.,  a  youth. 

adulescentia,  -ae  [adul6sc6ns], 
f.,  youth. 

advenio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ventus 
[ad  4-  venio],  io  come  to,  arrive. 

advento,  -are,  ,   [in- 

tens.  of  ad-veni5],io  hurry  for- 
ward, advance. 

adventus,  -lis  [adveniO],  m., 
arrival. 

adversarius,  -i  [adverser],  m., 
an  opponent. 

adverser,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [ad- 
versus],  to  resist. 

adversus,  -a,  -um  [perf.  part,  of 
ad-vertO,  to  turn],  adj.,  oppo- 
site, in  front;  unfavorable. 


adversus  or  adversum  [ad- 
verts, to  turn],  prep,  with  ace, 
opposite  to,  against. 

advocatio,  -onis  [ad-voc5,  to 
call],  f.,  legal  assistance;  ve- 
nire in  advocatiOnem,  to  act  as 
counsel. 

advoeatus,  i  [ad-voco],  m.,  ad- 
vocate, adviser. 

aedificium,  -i  [aedi-fic6,  to 
build],  n.,  building,  house. 

aedilis,  -is  [aedis],  m.,  aedile,  a 
magistrate  at  Rome  who, 
among  other  duties,  had  charge 
of  public  works. 

aedis  or  aedes,  -is,  f.,  temple; 
pi.,  house. 

aeger,  -gra,  -grum,  adj.,  sick. 

aegre  [aeger],  adv.,  painfidly ; 
aegre  ferre,  to  be  vexed,  feel 
annoyed. 

aegroto,    -are,    -avi,   [cf. 

aeger] ,  to  be  sick. 

Aegj^ptus,  -i,  f.,  Egypt. 

aeinulatio,  -onis  [aemulor,  to 
rival],  f.,  rivalry. 

aequalis,  -is  [aequus],  adj.  used 
as  subs.,  a  contemporary. 

aeque  [aequus],  adv.,  equally. 

aequus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  even ; 
equal ;    calm. 

aerarium,  -i  [aes],  n.,  treasury. 

aes,  aeris,  n.,  copper;  money; 
aes  alienum,  debt. 

aestas,  -tatis,  f.,  summer. 

aestivus,  -a,  -um  [aestas],  adj., 
belonging  to  summer,  sum- 
mer. 


64 


VOCABULARY. 


aetSs,  -tatis  [cont.  from  ae vitas  ; 
aevum,    age'],    f.,    age,    life; 

_  time  of  life. 

Africa,  -ae,  f.,  Africa.  The 
name  spread  from  the  terri- 
tory of  Carthage  to  the  Roman 
province  which  included  it,  and 
finally  to  the  whole  continent. 

Africanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  African. 

ager,  agri,  m.,  fleld ;  land.,  ter- 
ritory. 

aggredior,  -gredi,  -gressus  sum 
[ad  +  gradior,  to  go~\,  to  ap- 
proach; attack. 

agmen,  -inis  [ag5],  n,,  army 
(on  the  march)  ;  crowd. 

agnosco,  -noscere,  -n5vi,  -nitus 
[ad  +  (g)n5sco,  to  know'],  to 
recognize. 

ago,  agere,  6gT,  actus,  to  drive ; 
act,  do;  actum  est  d6,  it  is 
all  over  with;  noctem  agere, 
to  spend  the  night;  annum 
(vicesimum)  ag6ns,  being 
(twenty)  years  old. 

alacer,  -cris,  -ere,  adj.,  quick, 
nimble. 

alea,  -ae,  f.,  a  game  with  dice, 
lacta  alea  esto  !  let  the  die  he 
cast,  let  the  game  be  ventured. 

Alexander,  -dri,  m.,  Alexander, 
king  of  Macedon,  336  b.o. 

Alexandrea,  -ae,  f.,  Alexandria 
in  Egypt. 

alias  [alius],  adv.,  at  another 
time;  otherwise. 

alienus,  -a,  -um  [alius],  adj., 
strange,  foreign. 


aliquamdiS,  [aliquam,  in  some 
degree  +  diu,  a  long  time], 
adv., /or  a  while,  for  some  time. 

aliquando  ,  adv.,  at  some  time, 
once  ;  at  length. 

aliqui,  aliqua,  aliquod  [alius  + 
qui,  any],  indef.  adj.  pro., 
some,  any. 

aliquis,  (aliqua),  aliquid  [alius 
-1-  quis,  any],  indef.  pro.,  some 
one,  some  thing. 

aliquot  [alius  -f  quot,  how 
many],  indec.  adj.,  some,  sev- 
eral. 

aliquotiens  [aliquot],  2i&v.,  sev- 
eral times. 

aliter  [alius],  adv.,  otherwise,  in 
another  manner. 

alius,  -a,  -ud,  pro.  adj.,  another, 
other;  alius  .  .  .  alius,  one 
.  .  .  another;  pi.,  some  .  .  . 
others;  alius  ali5  casu,  one 
by  one  mishap,  another  by  an- 
other. 

Alpes,  -ium,  f.  pi.,  the  Alps. 

alter,  altera,  alterum,  pro.  adj., 
the  other  of  two,  the  second. 
alter  .  .  .  alter,  the  one  .  .  . 
the  other. 

altercor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [alter] , 
to  dispute. 

alteruter,  -utra,  -utrum  [alter + 
uter,  each  of  two],  pro.  adj., 
the  one  or  the  other  of  the  two. 

altus,  -a,  -um  [perf .  part,  of  al5, 
to  nourish],  adj.,  high;  deep; 
altum,  -T,  n.,  the  sea,  the  open 
sea. 


VOCABULARY. 


65 


amSns,  -antis  [pres.  part,  of 
amO],  adj.,  loving^  fond  of. 

ambitio,  -onis  [ambi,  around  + 
eo],  f.,  ambition. 

amicitia,  -ae  [amicus],  f., friend- 
ship. 

amicus,  -a,  -um  [am 5],  adj., 
loving,  friendly. 

amicus,  -I,  m.,  a  friend. 

Smitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus 
[a+  mitt5],  to  lose. 

amnis,  -is,  m.,  river,  stream. 

amor,  -Oris  [am5],  m.,  love. 

amplio,-are,  -avi,  -atus  [amplus, 
large},  to  extend,  enlarge. 

amplius  [comp.  of  ample,  from 
amplus,  lai-ge'},  adv.,  more. 

amputo,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [am  (bi), 
around  +  putC,  to  trim},  to  cut 
away,  cut  off. 

angor,  -Oris  [ango,  to  choke,  vex], 
m.,  vexation. 

anima,  -ae,f.,  breath  ;  life  ;  spirit. 

animadverto,  -vertere,  -verti, 
-versus  [animus  +  adverto,  to 
turn  to],  to  notice;  animadver- 
tere  in  aliquem,  to  punish. 

animus,  -i,  m.,  soul;  mind; 
courage. 

annona,  -ae  [annus],  f.,  harvest 
of  a  year,  crop. 

annus,  -T,  m.,  year. 

ante,  adv.,  and  prep,  with  ace, 
before;  ante  .  .  .  quam  or 
antequam,  sooner  than,  before. 

an  tea  [ante  +  eaj,  adv.,  before. 

ante-eo, -ire,  -ivi  (-ii), ,  [ante 

-f-  e5],  to  go  before,  precede. 


antequam,  see  ante. 

Antiochus,  -i,  m.,  AntVochus,  a 
philosopher  of  Ascalon. 

Antonius,  -a,  the  name  of  a 
Roman  gens. 

(1)  M.  Antonius,  Mark  An- 
tony, the  orator,  lived  b.c.  83- 
30. 

(2)  C.   Antonius   Hybrida. 
consul  with  Cicero  b.c.  63. 

anulus,  -i,  va.,  finger-ring. 

anus,  -iis,  f.,  old  woman. 

aperio,  -ire,  -ui,  -tus  [ab  +  pario, 
to  bring  forth},  to  uncover,  dis- 
close. 

Apollonia,  -ae,  t.,  Apollo' nia,  a 
city  in  Illyria. 

Apollonius,  -i,  m.,  Apollo'nius 
Molo,  a  professor  of  rhetoric 
at  Rhodes. 

appellatio,  -onis  [appello],  f., 
name. 

appello,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  ad- 
dress, call. 

Appenninus,  -i,  m.,  the  Apen- 
nines. 

applaudo,  -plaudere,  -plausi, 
-plausus  [ad  +  plaudo,  to 
strike},  to  applaud. 

appono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -posi- 
tus,  [ad  +  pono],  to  set  be 
fore. 

apprehendo,  -prehendere,  -pre- 
hendi,  -prehensus  [ad  +  pre- 
hendo],  to  lay  hold  on. 

apud,  prep,  with  ace,  at,  near ; 
with,  among  ;  in  the  house  of; 
in  the  works  of 


66 


VOCABULARY 


aqua,  -ae,  f.,  water. 

aquila,  -ae,  1,  eagle;  the  stand- 
ard of  a  Roman  legion. 

aquilifer,  -feri  [aquila  +  fero], 
m.,  standard  bearer. 

Sra,  -ae,  f.,  altar. 

arbitrium,  -i  [arbiter,  a  judge'], 
n.,  judgment;  power,  author- 
ity. 

arbitror,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [arbi- 
ter, a  judge],  to  think,  con- 
sider. 

arcesso,  -ere,  -ivi,  -itus  [caus. 
from  ac-cedo],  to  cause  to  come, 
summon. 

arma,  -orum,  n.  pi.,  lueapons, 
arms. 

Armenia,  -ae,  f.,  Armenia,  a 
country  east  of  Asia  Minor. 

armo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [arma], 
to  arm. 

Arpinum,  -i,  n.,  ArpVnum,  a 
town  about  fifty  miles  south- 
east of  Rome. 

ars,  artis,  f.,  art;  accomplish- 
ment. 

artas,  -uum,  m.  pi.,  joints; 
limbs. 

Asia,  -ae,  f.,  Asia;  usually 
Asia  Minor  is  meant. 

asper,  -era,  -erum,  adj.,  harsh, 
violent. 

asperitas,  -tatis  [asper],  f,, 
harshness;  acidity. 

aspernor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [a  -}- 
*spernor,  to  despise],  to  de- 
spise. 

aspicio,  -spicere,  -spexl,  -spee- 


tus  [ad  +  *speci5,  to  look],  to 
observe. 

aspis,  -idis,  f.,  asp. 

at,  ad  vers,  eonj.,  but,  on  the 
contrary. 

Athenae,  -arum,  f.  pi.,  Athens. 

atque,  before  consonants  ac 
[ad -f  que],  conj.,  and  also, 
and  especially. 

atrociter  [atrox],  adv.,  fiercely. 

atrox,  -ocis,  adj.,  savage,  fierce. 

aucupium,  -i  [avis,  bird  +  ca- 
pio],  n.,  bird-catching. 

audacia,  -ae  [audax,  bold],  f., 
boldness;  rashness. 

audeo,  -ere,  ausus  sum,  to  dare. 

audio,  -ire,  -ivi  (-ii),-itus,  to  hear. 

augustus,  -a,  -um  [auge5,  to  in- 
crease], adj.,  sacred,  majestic, 
august.  Augustus,  -i,  m.,  a 
title  given  to  Octavianus, 
grand-nephew  of  Caesar. 

aureus,  -a,  -um  [aurum],  adj., 
golden,  gilded. 

auris,  -is,  f.,  ear. 

aurum,  -i,  n.,  gold. 

aut,  conj.,  or;  aut  .  .  .  aut, 
either  .  .  .  or. 

autem,  postpositive  conj.,  hoic- 
ever,  moreover,  but. 

auxilium,  -i  [auge5,  to  in- 
crease], n.,  help,  aid;  pi., 
auxiliary  troops. 

avaritia,  -ae  [avarus,  greedy],  f., 
greed,  avarice. 

aveo,  -ere,  ,  ,  used  in 

salutations ;  av6,  av6t6,  hail ! 
farewell ! 


VOCABULARY 


67 


avidus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  desirous  of, 

eager  for. 
avis,  -is,  f.,  bii'd. 

svocs,   -are,  -avi,  -atus   [a  + 

voc5],  to  call  away,  call  off. 

avunculus,  -i  [dim.  of  avus], 
m.,  U7icle,  grand-uncle. 

avus,  -i,  m.,  grandfather;  an- 
cestor. 


barba,  -ae,  f.,  beard. 
barbarus,  -T,  m,,  barbarian. 
bello,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [bellum], 

to  imge  war. 
bellum,   -i  [i.e.  duellum,   from 

duo],  n.,  war. 
bene,  comp.  melius,  sup.  optim6 

[bonus],  adv.,  well. 
benignus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  ki7id. 
bibliotheca,  -ae  [Greek  word], 

f.,  library. 
bibo,  bibere,  bibi,  to  drink. 
Bibulus,  -i,  m.,  a  Roman  family 

name.    L.  Calpurnius  Bibulus 

was  the  colleague  of  Caesar  in 

the  consulship  b.c.  59. 
biduum,  -i  [bis  +  dies],  n.,  the 

period  of  two  days. 
bis,  num.  adv.,  twice. 
bonus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  good.     As 

subst.,    bona,    -5rum,   n.  pi., 

goods. 
bracchiuin,  -i,  n.,  arm. 
brevis,  -e,  adj.,  brief  short. 
Britanni,    -5rum,    m.    pi.,    the 

Britons,  inhabitants  of  Britain. 


Brundisium,  -i,  n.,  Brundi- 
sium,  modern  Brindisi  in 
southeastern  Italy. 

Brutus,  -i,  m.,  a  Roman  family 
name. 

(1)  M.  Junius  Brutus,  one 
of  the  chief  conspirators 
against  Caesar. 

(2)  Z>.  Junius  Brutus,  a 
lieutenant  of  Caesar  ;  also  one 
of  the  conspirators  against 
him. 

C. 

C,   abbr.  of    Gains,   a  Roman 

forename  (praenomen). 
cadaver,  -eris    [cadO,  to  fall], 

n.,  a  corpse. 
caedes,  -is  [caed5],  f.,  killing, 

murder. 
caedo,  caedere,   cecidi,  caesus, 

to  cut;  destroy. 
Caesar,  -is,  m.,  a  family  name. 

(1)  C.  Julius  Caesar;  for 
his  biography,  see  pp.  8-19. 

(2)  C.  Julius  Caesar  Octa- 
vianus,  his  grand-nephew  and 
adopted  son,  usually  known 
by  his  title  of  Augustus ;  see 
pp.  27-36. 

calamitas,  -tatis,  f.,  calamity. 

Calpurnius,  -a,  the  name  of  a 
Roman  gens  ;  Calpurnia,  the 
wife  of  Caesar. 

calvitium,  -i,  [calvus],  n.,  bald- 
ness. 

calvus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  bald. 


68 


VOCABULARY. 


Calvus,  -i,  m.,  the  surname  of 
C.Licinius  Macer  (Calvus)^  a 
Roman  poet  and  orator. 

Campania,  -ae,  f.,  Campd'nia,  a 
district  in  Italy,  including 
modern  Naples. 

Campanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Cam- 
panian. 

Caninius,  -a,  the  name  of  a  Ro- 
man gens. 

C.  Caninius  Bebiliis  was 
appointed  consul  by  Caesar 
in  45  B.C. 

cantus,  -us  [cano,  to  sing],  m., 
song^  cry. 

capillus,  -i  [caput],  m.,  hair. 

capio,  capere,  cepi,  captus,  to 
catch,  take,  capture;  receive. 

Capitolium,  -i  [caput],  n.,  the 

Capitol,  the  chief  temple  in 

Rome  ;    or  the  hill  on  which 

the  temple  stood,  northwest  of 

.the  Forum. 

captivus,  -i  [capio],  m.,  captive. 

capto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 
capio],  to  take  eagerly;  take 
advantage  of;  to  strive  for. 

capulus,  -i  [capi5],  m.,  hilt, 
handle. 

caput,  -itis,  n.,  head;  life;  cap- 
ital (city). 

Carbo,  -onis,  m.,  a  Roman 
family  name. 

C.  Papirius  Carbo  was  de- 
feated by  Pompey  in  Sicily. 

career,  -eris,  m.,  prison. 

carnifex,  -ficis  [car5,  flesh  +  fa- 
ci5],m.,  butcher;  executioner. 


Casca,  -ae,  m.,  a  Roman  family 

name. 

C.  Servilius  Casca,  one  of 

the  chief  conspirators  against 

Caesar. 
Cassius,  -a,  m.,  the  name  of  a 

Roman  gens. 

C.    Cassius   Longinus,   the 

chief  conspirator  against  Cae- 
sar. 
castigo,     -are,    -avi,    -atus,    to 

punish. 
castrum,  i,  n.  ;   usually  in  pi., 

castra,  Orum,  camp. 
casus,  -us  [cado],  m.,  chance; 

mishap. 
catena,  -ae,  f.,  chain. 
Catilina,   -ae,   m.,    Catiline,    a 

Roman  family  name. 

L.  Sergius  Catilina,  the  fa- 
mous conspirator,  was  foiled 

by  Cicero. 
Cato,  -onis,  m.,  a  Roman  family 

name. 

M.  Porcius  Cato  was  an  op- 
ponent of  Caesar,  famous  for 

his  stern  virtue. 
Catullus, -i,m.,  a  Roman  family 

name. 

C.    Valerius    Catullus,    an 

eminent  poet  of  Cicero's  day. 
Catulus,  -i,  m.,  a  Roman  family 

name. 

Q.  Lutatius  Catulus  opposed 

Pompey 's  commission  against 

the  pirates. 
causa,  -ae,  f .,  cause,  reason  ;  case 

at    law;     causam    dicere,    to 


VOCABULARY. 


69 


plead  a  case;  sua  causa,  for 
his  own  sake  ;  causa  with  pre- 
ceding genitive,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  for  the  sake  of. 

caveo,  cavere,  cavi,  cautus,  to 
take  care ;  beware  of 

cedo,  cedere,  c6ssi,  c6ssus,  to 
yields  move;  depart. 

celeber,  -bris,  -bre,  adj., /amo?i5, 
renowned. 

celer,  -eris,-ere,  adj.,  swift,  quick. 

celeritas,  -tatis  [celer] ,  f. ,  speec?, 
swiftness. 

cena,  -ae,  f.,  dinner.,  the  chief 
meal  of  the  Romans,  eaten  in 
the  evening  or  late  after- 
noon. 

ceno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [c6na], 
to  dine. 

centiens  [centum,  a  hundred']., 
num.  adv.,  a  hundred  times. 

centurio,  -onis  [centum],  m.,  a 
centurion.,  commander  of  a 
hundred. 

certo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq,  of 
cemO,  to  decide'].,  to  struggle; 
rival. 

certus,  -a,  -um  [old  perf.  part, 
of  cern5,  to  decide]^  adj.,  cer- 
tain., definite;  certiOrem  fa- 
cere,  to  inform. 

cervix,  -icis,  f.,  neck,  throat. 

cesso,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 

cSdo],  to  delay ;  cease. 
(ceterus),  -a,  -um,  pro.  adj.,  the 

other,  the  rest. 
charta,  -ae,  f.,  sheet  of  paper ; 
paper. 


Chrysogonus,  -i,  m.,  a  freedman 

of  Sulla. 
cibus,  -i,  m.,  food. 
cicatrix,  -Icis,  f.,  scar. 
cicer,  -eris,  n.,  the  chick-pea. 
Cicero,  -5nis  [cicer],  m.,  a  Ro- 
man family  name. 

M.  Tullius  Otcero,  the  famous 
orator ;  see  pp.  20-26. 

Cinna,  -ae,  m.,  a  Roman  family 
name. 

L.  Cornelius  Cinna  was  an 
adherent  of  Marius. 

circumdo,  -dare,  -dedi,  -datus 
[circum,  around  +  *d6,  to 
place],  to  place  around,  sur- 
round. 

circumsto,   -stare,   -stetl,    

[circum,    around   -|-    sto],  to 
stand  around  ;  surround. 

civic  as,  -a,  -um  [civis],  adj., 
civic,  civil. 

civilis,  -e  [civis],  adj.,  civic, 
civil. 

civis,  -is,  m.  and  f.,  citizen, 
fellow-citizen. 

civitas,-tatis  [civis],  1,  state,  city. 

clades,  -is,  f.,  disaster,  defeat. 

clam,  adv.,  secretly. 

clamo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  shout, 
cry  aloud. 

clarus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  clear, 
bright ;  famous. 

classis,  -is,  t.,  fleet. 

claudo,  claudere,  clausi,  clau- 
sus,  to  shut,  close. 

clausula,  -ae  [claudO],  f.,  con- 
clusion. 


70 


VOCABULARY. 


clgmens,  -eutis,  adj.,  gentle; 
compassionate,  merciful. 

clemeuter  [clem6ns],  adv., 
gently,  mildly. 

Cleopatra,  -ae,  f.,  Cleopatra, 
queen  of  Egypt. 

cliens,  -entis,  m.,  client,  de- 
pendent. 

Clodius,  -i  [for  Claudius],  m., 
the  name  of  a  Roman  gens. 

P.  Clodius  Pulcher,  an  ene- 
my of  Cicero. 

Cn. ,  abbr.  for  Gnaeus,  a  Roman 
forename  {praendmen) . 

coepi,  coepisse,  coeptus  sum, 
def.  verb,  to  begin. 

coerceo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus  [co(m) 
+  arce5,  to  enclose'],to  confine  ; 
hold  in  check. 

cogitatio,  -onis  [c5git5],  f.,  con- 
sideration; thought. 

eogito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [co(m) 
4-  agito,  freq.  of  ag5],  to  think. 

cognomen,  -inis  [co(m)  + 
(g)nOmen,  name'],  n.,  family 
name;  surname. 

cognomino,  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[cognomen] ,  to  give  a  surname, 
to  surname. 

cSgnosco,  -gnOscere,  -gnOvi, 
-gnitus  [co(m)  -f  (g)n6sc5, 
to  learn'],  to  find  out,  learn. 

cogo,  cOgere,  co6gi,  coactus 
[co(m)  -1-  agO],  to  compel, 
force. 

collum,  -I,  n.,  neck. 

col5,  colere,  colui,  cultus,  to 
cultivate. 


columba,  -ae,  f.,  pigeon,  dove. 
com-,  see  cum. 

comburo,  -iirere,  -ussi,  -ustus 
[co(m)  -I-  amb  -f  iiro,  to  burn], 
to  burn  up;  consume,  ruin. 

comes,  -itis  [com  -j-  eo],  m.  and 
f.,  companion. 

comitas,  -tatis  [c5mis,  kind],i., 
kindness,  affability. 

comitatus,  -iis  [comitor],  m., 
company,  escort,  train. 

comitium,  -i  [com  -1-  eo],  n., 
a  meeting-place ;  especially 
the  assembling-place  of  the 
voters  in  the  Roman  Forum. 

comitor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [comes], 
to  accompany,  attend. 

commendo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[com  -f  mandO,  commit],  to 
entrust;  defend. 

committo,  -mittere,  -misi,  -mis- 
sus [com  +  mitto],  to  commit, 
entrust;  make  a  mistake,  blun- 
der. 

commode  [commodus],  adv., 
properly,  suitably. 

commodus,  -a,  -um  [com  -f- 
modus,  measure],  adj.,  suita- 
ble, fit;  agreeable. 

commoveo,  -movere,  -mOvI, 
-mOtus  [com  +  moveO],  to 
excite. 

communis,  -e,  adj.,  common. 

commuto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com 
-f  miit5],  to  change  ;  exchange. 

como,  c5mere,  cOmpsi,  c5mptus 
[co(m)  4-  emO,  to  take],  to 
arrange;  dress. 


VOCABULARY. 


71 


compello,  -pellere,  -puli,  -pul- 
sus [com  +  pellO,  to  push],  to 
force,  compel. 

coinperio,  -ire,  -perl,  -pertus 
[com  +  pario,  to  acquire'],  to 
find  out. 

compes, -pedis  [com  +  pes],f., 
fetter. 

compleo,  -plere,  -plevi,  -pletus 
[com  +  -pleO,  to  fill]^  to  fill. 

compono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -posi- 
tus  [com  +  p5n5],  to  set  in 
order;  compose;  bellum  com- 
p5nere,  to  finish  a  war. 

compos,  -potis  [com  +  potis, 
able],  adj.,  possessing,  master 
of;  voti  compotem  fieri,  to  at- 
tain one's  desire. 

comprehends,  -hendere,  -hendi, 
-hensus  [com  +  prehendO],  to 
seize;  arrest. 

comprimo,  -primere,  -pressi, 
-pressus  [com  +  prem5,  to 
press],  to  check,  restrain. 

concedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessus 
[com  +  ced5],  to  depart ;  con- 
cede, allow. 

coneido,    -cidere,     -cidi,    

[com  +  cado,  to  fall],  to  fall ; 
die. 

Concordia,  -ae  [concors,  har- 
monious; cors,  heart],  f.,  har- 
mony, concord;  union. 

concupisco,  -cupiscere,  -cuplvl, 
-cupiLus  [com  +  inch,  of  cupiO, 
,  to  desire],  to  long  for,  strive 
for. 

concurro,  -currere,   -(cu)curri, 


-cursus  [com  +  curro,  to  run], 
to  rush  together. 

confer©,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus  [com 
+  ferO],  to  collect;  devote;  se 
cOnferre,  to  betake  oneself. 

confestim  [com  +  root  of  festi- 
nO,  to  hasten],  adv.,  immedi- 
ately. 

c5nfici5,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectus 
[com  +  facio],  to  make;  ac- 
complish, finish. 

confidentia,  -ae  [confidens, 
confident],  f.,  boldness. 

confiteor,  -eri,  -fessussum  [com 
+  fateor,  to  say],  to  acknowl- 
edge, confess. 

conflo,  -are,  -Evi,  -atus  [com  -f- 
fl5,  to  blow],  to  kindle;  aes 
alienum  conflare,  to  incur 
debt. 

confluo,-fluere,  -fluxT, [com 

-I-  flu5,  to  flow],  to  assemble, 
come  together. 

confodio,  -fodere,  -f5di,  -fossus 
[com  +  fodio,  to  dig],  to  stab  ; 
slay. 

confugid,    -fugere,    -fugi,  

[com  +  fugio],  to  flee,  take 
refuge. 

congredior,  -gredi,  -gressus  sum 
[com  +  gradior,  to  go],  to 
meet;  attack;  contend. 

conici5,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus 
[com  -f  iaciO],  to  throw. 

coninratio,  -5nis  [coniurO],  f., 
conspiracy. 

coniaratus,  -i  [conitirO],  m.,  a 
conspirator. 


72 


VOCABULARY. 


conlurS,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com  + 
iur5,  to  swear'\,,  to  conspire. 

conlega,  -ae  [com  +  legS,  to 
choose]^  m.,  a  colleague. 

conligo,  -ligere,  -IggI,  -Igctus 
[com  -I-  leg5,  to  gather^.,  to 
collect. 

conloco,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [com  + 
loco;  to  place'].,  to  station.,  place. 

Conor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  to  try. 

consalato,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [com 
-1-  saluto],  to  salute. 

conscendo,  -scendere,  -scendl, 
-scensus  [com  -\-  scand5,  to 
climb'],  to  embark  on,  go 
aboard. 

conscientia,  -ae  [com  +  sci5], 
f.,  consciousness;  conscience. 

conscisco,  -sciscere,  -scivT,  -sci- 
tus  [com  +  inch,  of  scio] ,  to  ad- 
judge ;  mortem  sibi  cOnsciscere, 
to  commit  suicide. 

conscriptus,  -i  [perf.  part,  of 
con-scrib5,  to  enroll].,  m.,  one 
who  is  enrolled ;  a  word  used  in 
addressing  the  senate.  Patr6s 
c5nscripti,  conscript  fathers. 

consensus,  -us  [c5n-senti0,  to 
feel].,  m.,  unanimity.,  concord. 

consero,  -serere,  -serul,  -sertus 
[com  +  ser5,  to  bind].,  to  join. 

conservo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com 
-f  servo] ,  to  preserve. 

consilium,  -i,  n.,  plan.,  counsel ; 
wisdom,  prudence. 

consisto,  -sistere,  -stiti,  -stitus 
[com  -f  sistO],  to  stand  firm; 
take  position ;  halt. 


conspectus,  -Us  [conspiciO,  to 
see],  m.,  sight,  vision. 

conspicuus,  -a,  -urn  [com  -f- 
*speci5,  to  look],  adj.,  con- 
spicuo2is. 

conspiratio,  -onis  [c5nsplr5,  to 
conspire],  f.,  conspiracy,  plot. 

conspTratus, -T,  m.,  conspirator. 

constanter  [constans,  firm]. 
Sidy.,  firmly,  resolutely. 

constantia, -ae  [c5nstans,^rm], 
f.,  constancy,  faithfulness. 

consterno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com 
-f  sterno,  to  strew],  to  terrify, 
frighten. 

constituo,  -stituere,  -stitui,  -sti- 
tiitus  [com  +  statuo] ,  to  ar- 
range ;  resolve. 

consto,  -stare,  -stiti,  -statiirus 
[com-fst5],  to  stand  firm; 
constat,  it  is  well  known. 

consul,  -is,  m.,  consul. 

consulatus,  -iis  [cOnsul],  m., 
consulship. 

consulo,  -ere,  -ui,  -tus,  to  con- 
sult, take  measures. 

contendo,  -tendere,  -tendi,  -ten- 
tus  [com  -f  tends],  to  hurry, 
march  swiftly  ;  contend,  main- 
tain. 

contineo,  -tingre,  -tinui,  -tentus 
[com  +  teneO],  to  contain;  re- 
strain, keep. 

contingo,  -tingere,  -tigi,  -tactus 
[com  -f  tang5,  to  to^^ch],  to 
happen,  fall  to  the  share  of. 

continuo  [continuus],  adv.,  at 
once,  straightioay. 


VOCABULARY. 


73 


continuus,  -a,  -urn  [contineO], 
adj.,  continuous ;  successive. 

contio,  -5nis  [contr.  from  con- 
ventio,  from  veniO],  f.,  as- 
sembly. 

contra,  prep,  with  ace,  against. 

contraho,  -trahere,  -traxi,  -tra- 
ctus  [com  +  traho,  to  drag'], 
to  collect,  draw  together. 

contrarius,  -a,  -um  [contra], 
adj.,  opposite  to;  contrary. 

contubernalis,  -is  [com  -f  ta- 
berna,  tent],  m.,  comrade. 

contuinelia,  -ae  [com  +  tumeO, 
to  swell],  f.,  abuse,  insult. 

convenio,  -venire,  -v6ni,  -ventus 
[com  +  venio],  to  meet,  come 
together. 

converts,  -vertere,  -verti,  -ver- 
sus [com+vertO],  to  turn,  turn 
around. 

convinco,  -vincere,  -vici,  -vlctus 
[com  +  vinc6],  to  convict. 

copla,  -ae  [co(m)  +  ops],  f., 
abundance  ;  pi,  troops,  forces. 

copiose  [copi5sus,  abundant], 
adv.,  fluently,  eloquently. 

coram  [co(m)  +  5s,  5ris],  prep, 
with  abl.,  before,  in  the  pres- 
ence of. 

Cornelius,  a,  the  name  of  a  Ro- 
man gens. 

Cornelia,  -ae,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Cinna,  and  wife  of 
Caesar. 

corona,  -ae,  f.,  crown. 

corpus,  -oris,  n.,  body. 

corrigo,    -rigere,   -r6xi,   -rectus 


[com -f  rego,  to  rule],  to  cor- 
rect; calm. 

corvus,  -i,  m.,  raven. 

cottidianus,  -a,  -um  [cottidig, 
daily,  from  quot  +  dies],  adj., 
belonging  to  everyday,  daily; 
ordinary. 

Crassus,  -i,  m.,  a  Roman  family 
name. 

M.  Licinius  Crassus,  famous 
for  his  wealth,  was  a  member 
of  the  first  Triumvirate. 

creber,  -bra,  -brum,  adj.,  fre- 
quent. 

cremo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  burn. 

Cremona,  -ae,  f.,  Cremona,  a 
town  on  the  Po  River. 

creo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  create; 
choose,  elect. 

cresco,  -ere,  cr6vi,  cr6tus  [inch, 
of  creO] ,  to  increase,  grow. 

crucio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [crux, 
cross],  to  torture. 

cradelis,  -e,  adj.,  cruel. 

crndelitas,  -tatis  [criid6lis],  f., 
cnielty. 

crumena,  -ae,  f.,  purse. 

crux,  crucis,  f.,  cross. 

crystallinus,  -a,  -um  [Greek 
word],  adj.,  made  of  crystal, 
crystalline ;  crystallinum,  n. 
(sc.  vas,  vase),  a  crystalline 
vase. 

cubiculum^  -i  [cubo],  n.,  bed- 
chamber. 

cubo,  cubare,  cubul,  cubitum, 
to  recline. 

culpa,  -ae,  f.,  guilt,  blame. 


74 


VOCABULARY. 


cultus,  -us  [colo,  to  cultivate], 
m.,  cultivation;  refinement, 
luxury. 

cum,  prep,  with  abl.,  with.  In 
composition  it  becomes  com-, 
con-. 

cum,  conj.,  when,  while;  since; 
although,  cum  .  .  ,  turn,  both 
.  .  .  and. 

cunctor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  to  hesi- 
tate. 

cupiditas,  -tatis  [cupidus,  desir- 
ous'], f.,  desire,  longing. 

cupio,  -ere,  -ivi  (-il),  -Itus,  to 
wish,  desire. 

cura,  -ae,  f. ,  care. 

Curia,  -ae,  f . ,  senate-house.  The 
chief  Curia  was  on  the  Forum, 
near  the  foot  of  the  Capitoline 
hill. 

euro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [cura],  to 
care  for,  provide  for. 

cursus,  -ils  [currO,  to  run],  m., 
course ;  running. 

cQstodia,  -ae  [cust5s,  guard], 
f.,  guard. 

cnstodio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -Itus  [ciistOs, 
guard],  to  guard. 

Cyrus,  -i,  m.,  Cyrus,  king  of 
Persia. 

D. 

Dacus,  -I,  m.,  Dacian. 

damno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  con- 
demn, sentence  ; .  doom. 

de,  prep,  with  abl.,  from,  down 
from;  concerning ;  according 
to. 


debilis,  -e  [de  -f-  habilis,  handy], 

adj. ,  weak,  crippled. 
decedo,   -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessus 

[de  -f  cedo],  to  go  away. 
December,  -bris  [decem,  ten], 

m.,  December. 
decern©,  -cernere,  -crevi,  -crgtus 

[de   -f    cerno,   to  decide],   to 

resolve;  decree. 
deciraius,  -a,  -um  [decem,  ten], 

adj.,  teyith. 
Decimus,  -i,  m.,  a  Roman  fore- 
name {praenbmen). 
decipio,   -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptus 

[de  -f  capio],  to  deceive. 
dediticius,  -i  [deditus,  from  de- 

d5],    adj.    used    as    subst.,  a 

captive. 
deditio,  -5nis   [de-d6],  f.,   sur- 
render. 
dedo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus  [de  + 

d5],  to  surrender,  give  up. 
defatigatio,  -onis  [de-fatigo,  to 

tire],  f.,  loeariness. 
defendo,  -fendere,  -fendi,  -fen- 

sus,  to  defend. 
defero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus   [de 

-f  f ero] ,  to  carry ;  give,  offer ; 

submit. 
deflecto,  -ere,  -exi,    -exus   [de 

■\-  flecto,    to   bend],    to    turn 

away. 
def5rmitgs,    -tatis    [de-fOrmis, 

from  f5rma,  form],  f.,  disfig- 
urement. 
de-f ungor,  -fungi,  -fiinctus  sum 

[d6  4-  f ungor],  to  have  done 

with ;  die. 


VOCABULARY. 


76 


dehonesto,  -are,  -avi,  [de 

+  honestus],  to  dishonor. 

deinceps,  adv.,  thereafter. 

dein  or  delude,  adv.,  then,  next. 

delecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [intens. 
of  *delicio,  to  please],  to  de- 
light. 

deliciae,  -arum  [cf.  delectO],  f. 
l>\.,  pleasure  ;  luxury. 

demisse  [de-missus,  from  de- 
mittO],  adv.,  abjectly. 

de-mitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus 
[de  +  mittO],  to  let  down;  put. 

denarius,  -i  [deni,  by  tens],  m., 
a  (Roman)  silver  coin  worth 
about  16  cents. 

deuego,  -are,  -avi,-  atus  [de  + 
negOJ,  to  refuse. 

deuique,  adv.,  afterwards;  fi- 
nally. 

denuutio,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [de  -f- 
niintiO],  to  declare. 

depono,  -p5nere,  -posui,  -positus 
[de  -f  p5n5],  to  set  down;  lay 
aside. 

deposed,      -p5scere,      -popOscI, 

[de  +  pSscO,  to  demand], 

to  demand. 

deprecor,  -arl,  -atus  sum  [d6  -f 
precor],  to  intercede;  avert  by 
entreaty;  decline. 

deprehendo,  -hendere,  -hendl, 
-hensus  [de  -h  prehendO],  to 
seize. 

dSsceudd,  -scendere,  -scendi, 
-scgnsus  [de  -f  scandO,  to 
climb],  to  come  dovm ;  dis- 
mount. 


desero,  -serere,  -serul,    -sertus 

[de  +  sero,  to  bind] ,  to  desert, 

forsake. 
desiderium,  -i  [desiderO,  to  de- 
sire], n.,  longing. 
desilio,    -silire,     -silul,    -sultus 

[de  -f  sali5,  to  leap],  to  jump 

down. 
desisto,    -sistere,    -stiti,    -stitus 

[de  -f  sistO],  to  cease,  stop. 
desperatio,  -onis  [dg-spero,  f  rom 

sp6s],  f.,  despair. 
destiuo,    -are,    -avi,    -atus,    to 

design. 
destringo,   -stringere,    -strinxi, 

-strictus  [de+ strings,  fo  strip], 

to  unsheathe  (a  sword). 
desum,  deesse,  defui  [de  +  sum], 

to  be  wanting,  fail. 
detego,    -tegere,    -texi,    -tectus 

[de  -f-  teg5],  to  uncover. 
deterreo,  -terrere,  -terrui,  -terri- 

tus  [d6  -f  terreO],  to  deter. 
dgtiueo,  -tingre,  -tinui,  -tentus 

[de  +  teneC],  to  detain. 
detraho,  -trahere,  -traxi,  -trac- 

tus  [d6  +  trahO,  to  drag] ,  to 

draw  away,  remove. 
deus,  -i,  m.,  god. 
devinco,  -vincere,  -vici,  -victus 

[de  -f  vincO],   to  subdue,   ut- 
terly defeat. 
devolo,  -are,    ,    -volaturus 

[de  -\-  vol5,  to  fly],  to  fly  down. 
dexter,  -t(e)ra,  -t(e)rum,  adj., 

to  the  right,  right;  dext(e)ra, 

-ae,  f.,  (sc.  manus,  hand),  the 

right  hand. 


76 


VOCABULARY. 


diadSma,  -atis,  [Greek  word], 
n.,  diadem. 

dico,  dicere,  dixi,  dictus,«o  speak, 
say  ;  ius  dicere,  to  hold  court, 
decide  cases. 

dictator,  -oris  [dicto,  intens.  of 
dic5],  m.,  dictator,  a  Roman 
magistrate  with  supreme  pow- 
er, originally  appointed  only 
in  emergencies. 

dictatara,  -ae  [dictator],  i.,dicr 
tatorship. 

dictito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [dicto, 
intens.  of  dico] ,  to  assert. 

dictum,  -i  [died],  n.,  a  saying, 
remark. 

dies,  diei,  m.  or  f.,  day ;  diem 
dicere,  to  set  a  day  for  trial,  i.e. 
to  make  a  charge  against;  in 
dies,  from  day  to  day,  each 
day. 

difficultas,  -tatis  [difficilis,  diffl,- 
cult],  f.,  difficulty;  scarcity. 

dignitas,  -tatis  [dignus],  f., 
7'ank,  eminence. 

dignus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  worthy; 
suitable. 

diligenter  [diligens,  industri- 
ous'], adv.,  industriously,  care- 
fully. 

diligeiitia,  -ae  [diligens,  indus- 
trious'], i.,  industry  ;  attentive- 
ness. 

diligo,  -ligere,  -I6xi,  -lectus  [dis 
+  lego,  to  gather],  to  single 
out;  love. 

diinieatio,  -onis  [dimico],  f., 
Jight. 


dimico,     -are,     -avi,    -atus,    to 

fight. 
dimitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus 

[dis -f- mitto] ,  to  send  away, 

dismiss,  let  go. 
dirigo,    -rigere,     -rexi,    -rectus 

[dis  4-  rego,  to  rule],  to  direct, 

steer. 
dirimo,   -imere,   -6ml,    -gmptus 

[dis  -H  emo,  to  take  (buy)],  to 

separate  ;  break  off;  rem  diri- 

mere,  to  settle  an  affair. 
diripio,  -ripere,  -ripui,  -reptus 

[dis  +  rapi5],  to  plunder. 
dis-,  di-,  a  prefix  meaning  apart, 

or  having  a  negative  force. 
discedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessus 

[dis  +  cedo],    to    go    away, 

withdraw. 
discipulus,    -i    [disco],    m.,    a 

pupil. 
disco,   discere,   didici,  ,  to 

learn. 
disertus,  -a,  -um  [perf.  part,  of 

dissero,  to  set  in  order],  adj., 

skilful. 
dispensator,  -oris  [dis-p6ns5,  to 

weigh  out],  m.,   steward,   at- 
tendant. 
dispicio,  -spicere,  -spexi,  -spec- 

tus  [dis  +  *specio,  to  look],  to 

perceive. 
displiceS,  -plic6re,  -plicui,  -pli- 

citus  [dis -f  placeo,  to  please], 

to  displease. 
dispono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -posi- 

tus  [dis  +  pono],  to  place,  dis- 
pose ;  scatter. 


VOCABULARY. 


77 


dispute,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [dis  + 

puto],  to  discuss. 
disseusio,  -onis  [dis  +  sentio], 

f.,  disagreement^  strife. 
din,  adv.,  long^  for  a  long  time. 
diuturnus,  -a,  -urn  [diu],  adj., 

long  (in  duration),  lasting. 
diversus,  -a,  -um  [dis  +  vertO, 

to  turnl.,  adj.,  opposite,   con- 
trary. 
divido,  -videre,  -visi,  -visus,  to 

divide,  distribute. 
divus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  divine,  god- 
like. 
do,  dare,  dedi,  datus,   to  give, 

present ;  operam  dare,  to  take 

pains,  give  attention. 
doceo,  doc6re,  docui,  doctus,  to 

teach;  show. 
doctrina,  -ae  [doceo],  f.,  learn- 
ing. 
doctus,  -a,  -um  [perf.  part,  of 

doceo  J,  adj.,  learned. 
dolor,  -oris  [doleo,  to  grieve"], 

m.,  pain. 
doininatid,  -onis,  [dominor],  f., 

rule;  supremacy. 
dominatus,  -Qs  [dominor],  m., 

command,  mastery. 
dominor,  -arl,  -atus  sum  [domi- 

nus] ,  to  rule. 
dominus,  -I  [domo],  m.,  master, 

lord. 
dom5,  -are,  domui,  domitus,  to 

tame,  subdue. 
domus,  -us,  f.,  house;  domi,  at 

home;    domum,    homewards^ 

home. 


dOnStivum,  -i  [d5n0],  n.,  gift. 
dono,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [donum, 

gift],  to  give,  present. 
dorsum,    -i,    n.,    back;    ridge, 

range. 
dubito,    -are,    -avi,    -atus    [du- 

bius],  to  hesitate;  doubt. 
dubius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  doubtful, 

undecided. 
daco,  ducere,  diixi,  ductus,  to 

lead;  prolong;  consider, think ; 

uxorem  dQcere,  to  marry. 
dum,  conj.,  while,   until;  pro- 
vided that. 
dumimodo  [dum  -j-  modo,  only], 

conj.,  if  only,  provided  that. 
duo,  -ae,  -o,  num.  adj.,  two. 
duo-deni,   -ae,   -a  [duo  -f-  d6ni, 

by  tens],  num.  adj.,  by  twelves, 

twelve  each. 
duplex,    -icis    [duo  -f  plicO,    to 

fold],  adj.,  two-fold,  double. 
dux,  ducis  [cf.  diic5],  m.,  leader. 
Dyrrachium,  -I,  n.,Dyrrachium, 

a  town  in  Illyria. 

E. 

e,  see  ex. 

ecquid,    inter,    adv.,    at    all  ? 

Equid  scis  ?    do   you   know  f 

In  ind.  quest.,  whether. 
gdictum,  -I  [6dic5,  to  declare], 

n.,  edict,  proclamation. 
edO,  edere,  6si,  6sus,  to  eat. 
edo,    edere,   6didi,    6ditus   [6  + 

*d5,  to  put],  to  put  forth; 

announce ;    perform ;    exhibit 

(games) . 


78 


VOCABULARY. 


efi^minatus,  -a,  -um  [perf.  part, 
of  ef-femino,.ex  -f  feinina,  wo- 
man'jy  adj.,  effeminate. 

efiicio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectus  [ex 
-f  facio],  to  bring  to  pass, 
effect;  cause. 

efflagito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex  + 
flagito,  to  solicit'],  to  demand 
eagerly. 

effugio,  -fugere,  -fugi, [ex 

+  fugi5],  to  escape. 

effundo,  -fundere,  -fudi,  -fusus 
[ex +  f undo],  to  pour  out, 
spread  out ;  empty  ;  icaste. 

ego,  mei,  pers.  pro.,  I. 

egredior,  -gredl,  -gressus  sum 
[e  -f  gradior,  to  go],  to  go 
out. 

egregius,  -a,  -um  [g  +  grex, 
flock],  &d].,  distinguished ;  un- 
common. 

elabor,  -labi,  -lapsus  sum  [e  -f 
labor,  to  slip],  to  slip  away, 
escape. 

elaboro,  -Sre,  -avi,  -atus  [6  + 
Iab0r5],  to  labor;  endeavor. 

elegantia,  -ae  [elegans,  ele- 
gant], f.,  elegance. 

eligo,  -ligere,  -I6gi,  -lectus  [e  -f- 
lego,  to  gather],  to  choose. 

eloquentia,  -ae  [eloquens,  elo- 
quent], f.,  eloquence. 

emitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus 
[e  +  mitto],  to  send  forth,  let 
loose. 

emo,  emere,  6ml,  emptus,  to 
buy. 

enim,  postpositive  conj.,  for. 


enitor,     -niti,    -nixus    (-nisus) 

sum   [6-fnitor,  to    lean],   to 

strive. 
ensis,  -is,  m.,  sword. 
eo,  -ire,  -ivi  (-ii),  itum,  to  go. 
eo  [is],  adv.,  on  that  account; 

to  that  place. 
epigrainma,  -atis  [Greek  word], 
_  n.,  epigram,  poem. 
Epirus,  -i,  f .,  EpVrus,  a  country 

in  the  northwest  of  Greece  on 

the  Adriatic  Sea. 
epistula,  -ae  [Greek  word],  f., 

letter,  epistle. 
eques,  -itis  [equus],  m.,  horse- 
man; knight. 
equester,     -tris,   -tre    [eques], 

adj.,  pertaining  to  the  knights, 

equestrian. 
equito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [eques], 

to  ride. 
equus,  -i,  m.,  horse. 
erga,  prep,  with  ace,  towards; 

%oith  respect  to. 
ergo,   adv.,    therefore;    interr., 

and  so  ?  so  then  f 
erlgo,  -rigere,  -rSxi,  -rectus  [6  -f 

regO,  to  rule],  to  raise  up. 
error,  -Oris  [err5,  to  wander], 

m.,  error. 
erubesco,  -ere,  -rubui, [e  + 

ruber,    red],    to     grow    red, 

blush. 
erumpo,  -rumpere, -rapl, -ruptus 

[e  -f  rumpOJ,  to  break  out. 
esca,  -ae,  f .,  food,  bait. 
et,  adv.,  also,  even;  conj.,  and; 

et  .  .  .  et,  both  .  .  .  and. 


VOCABULARY. 


79 


etlam  [et  +  iam],  adv.  and  conj., 
and  also,  even,  also. 

etsi  [et  +  si,  if},  conj.,  although, 
even  if. 

Euripides,  -is,  m.,  Euripides, 
an  Athenian  dramatist. 

Europa,  -ae,  1,  Europe. 

evado,  -vadere,  -vasi,  -vasus 
[e  +  vad5,  to  go],  to  rush  out; 
escape ;  turn  out,  become. 

eventus,  -us  [e  +  venio],  m., 
result,  event. 

everts,  -vertere,  -vertl,  -versus 
[e  +  vertO],  to  overturn,  over- 
throw. 

ex,  before  consonants  e,  prep, 
with  abl.,  out  of,  from;  of; 
according  to ;  on. 

exardesco,  -ere,  arsi,  arsus  [ex 
+  ardeo,  to  hum'],  to  blaze 
forth. 

exaro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex  -f 
aro,  to  plough],  to  compose. 

exaspero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex  -f 
asper],  to  provoke,  exasper- 
ate. 

excelsus,  -a,  -um  [perf.  part,  of 
excell5;  ex-f*cellere,  to  be 
high],  adj.,  lofty;  distin- 
guished. 

excerpo,  -cerpere,  -cerpsi,  -cerp- 
tus  [ex  4-  carp5,  to  pluck],  to 
extract. 

excipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptus 
[ex  +  capio],  to  receive;  capt- 
ure. 

exclamS,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex  -f- 
clamO],  to  exclaim. 


excolo,    -colere,  -colui,   -cultus 

[ex  +  colo],  to  improve,  refine. 
excubiae,    -arum    [ex-f-cubo], 

f.  pi.,  standing  watch;  watch. 
excaso,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex  -f 

causa],  to  excuse. 
exempluin,    -i     [ex  +  emo,    to 

take   (buy)],   n.,   sample,  ex- 
ample; boni  exempli,  of  good 

character,  excellent. 
exerceo,   -ere,   -ui,  -itus  [ex  -f- 

arceo,    to   shut],  to    exercise, 

drill,  practise;  enforce  (lav^r). 
exercitus,    -iis    [exerced],    m., 

army. 
exhaurio,  -ire,  -hausi,  -haustus 

[ex  +  haurid,    to    drain],    to 

exhaust ;  impoverish. 
exhibeo,    -ere,   -hibui,   -hibitus 

[ex  +  habeo],    to    show,    ex- 
hibit. 
exhorresco,  -ere,  -horrul, 

[ex  +  horre5,   to  shudder],  to 

shrink  from. 
exiguus,    -a,    -um    [ex  -f  ago], 

adj.,  scanty ;  .short. 
eximius,  -a,  -um  [eximo],  adj., 

distinguished,  splendid. 
eximo,    -imere,    -emi,   -emptus 

[ex  -H  emo,  to  take  (buy)],  to 

take  out;  deliver. 
exTstimo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex  + 

aestimo,  to  rate],  to  estimate; 

judge,  think. 
exitium,  -i  [ex-eo,  to  go  out], 

n.,  destruction. 
exitus,  -lis  [ex-eo,  to  go  out],  m., 

departure;  end;  death. 


80 


VOCABULARY. 


expedio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus  [ex  + 

pes],  to  set  free;  procure. 
expello,   -pellere,  -pull,  -pulsus 

[ex  -{■  pello,  to  drive~\,  to  drive 

out,  expel. 
ex-perior,  -periri,  -pertus  sum, 

to  test;  find;  experience. 
expono,  -ponere,  -posuT,  -positus 

[ex  +  p5n6],  to  set  forth ;  set 

ashore.  ' 

expriino,  -primere,  -pressi,  -pres-  , 

sus  [ex  +  premo,  to  press~\.,  to 

express;  pronounce. 
expngnatio,    -onis    [expugno], 

f.,  storming,  capture. 
expagno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex  + 

pugno],    to    take    by    storm; 

overcome. 
exsisto,  -sistere,  -stiti, [ex 

+  sisto],  to  arise^  become. 
exspecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex  + 

specto],  to  await;  wait;  wait 

to  see. 
exsto,  -stare,  ,  [ex  + 

sto],  to  stand  out;  exist. 
exstruo,  -struere,  -striixi,  -struc- 

tus   [ex  -f  struo,   to  piW] ,   to 

build. 
cxter    (exterus),   -tera,   -terum 

[ex],  ad].,  foreign,  strange. 
extimesco,    -timescere,   -timuT, 

[ex  +  *timesc6,     inch. 

from  timeo] ,  to  dread. 
extraordinarius,  -a,  -um  [extra, 

outside  +  ordinarius,  ordinary'], 

adj.,  extraordinary. 
extremus,  -a,  -um  [superlative 

of  exter],  adj.,  last,  extreme. 


exuo,  -uere,  -ui,  -iitus,  to  strip ; 
deprive,  despoil. 


fabric©,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [faber, 
smitJi],  to  make. 

faeete  [facetus,  witty],  adv., 
wittily. 

facile  [facilis,  easy],  adv.,  easily, 
readily. 

facinus,  -oris  [facio],  n.,  deed; 
crime. 

facio,  facere,  feci,  factus,  to 
make,  do;  bring  about.  Pas- 
sive, fi5,  fieri,  factus  sum,  to 
happen,  become. 

facultas,  -tatis  [facilis,  easy], 
i.,  opportunity. 

^cundia,  -ae  [facundus,  elo- 
que7it],  i.,  eloquence. 

fama,  -ae  [for,  to  speak],  f.,  re- 
port; fame,  reputation. 

fames,  -is,  f .,  hunger,  famine. 

familia,  -ae  [famulus,  servant], 
f.,  household,  family . 

familiaris,  -e  [familia],  adj., 
familiar,  intimate;  res  fa- 
miliaris, property,   estate. 

famosus,  -a,  -um  [fama],  adj., 
famous. 

fascis,  -is,  m.,  faggot;  fasces  were 
a  bundle  of  rods  enclosing  an 
axe,  used  as  a  symbol  of  au- 
thority. 

^sti,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  calendar. 

fatalis,  -e  [fatum,  fate],  adj., 
fatal,  deadly. 


VOCABULARY. 


81 


fauces,  -ium,  f.  pi.,  throat. 

faveo,  favere,  favl,  fautus,  to 
favor. 

felix,  -!cis,  adj.,  happy,  fortu- 
nate. 

femur,  -oris  or  -inis,  n.,  thigh. 

fere,  adv.,  almost,  about. 

fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus,  to  bear ; 
endure;  report,  tell;  permit; 
legem  ferre,  to  propose  a  law ; 
aegre  (moleste)  ferre,  to  be 
vexed,  disappointed. 

ferreus,  -a,  -um  [ferrum,  iron'], 
adj.,  iron. 

festino,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to 
hasten. 

fidelis,  -e  [fides],  adj.,  faithful. 

fideliter  [fidelis],  adv.,  faith- 
fully. 

fides,  -ei,  or  -e,  f.,  faith,  belief; 
good  faith. 

filia,  -ae,  f.,  daughter. 

filius,  -T,  m.,  son. 

finis,  -is,  m.,  end,  boundary. 

fio,  fieri,  see  facio. 

firmo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [flrmus], 
to  strengthen. 

firm  us,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  strong. 

flagito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  de- 
mand. 

flebiliter  [flebilis,  from  fleo], 
adv.,  with  tears,  dolefully. 

fleo,  flere,  flevT,  fletus,  to  weep. 

flereo,  florere,  floruT, [flos, 

flower] ,  to  blossom  ;  thrive,  be 
successful. 

fluctus,  -us  [fluo,  to  flow],  m., 
wave,  billow, 
a 


flamen,  -inis  [fluo,  to  flow],  n., 

river. 
foede      [foedus,     foul],      adv., 


fore,  future  infin.  of  sum,  used 
instead  of  f  uturum  esse. 

foris,  -is,  f.,  door. 

forma,  -ae,  i.,form  ;  appearance. 

forte  [fors,  chance],  adv.,  by 
chance. 

fortis,  -e,  adj.,  brave. 

fortiter  [fortis],  adv.,  bravely. 

fortitudo,  -inis  [fortis],  f., 
bravery,  fortitude. 

fortuna,  -ae  [fors,  chance],  t., 
fortune;  good  fortune;  the 
goddess  Fortune. 

forum,  -1,  n.,  market-place, 
square. 

Forum  (Magnum  or  Romanum) 
the  chief  public  place  in  Rome, 
between  the  Capitoline  and  the 
Palatine  hills. 

foveo,  fovere,  fovT,  fotus,  to 
cherish,  favor,  support. 

frango,  frangere,  fregi,  fractus, 
to  break. 

frater,  -tris,  m.,  brother. 

frngalitas,  -tatis  [frugalis,  fru- 
gal], f.,  frugality. 

frnmentum,  -i  [fruor,  to  enjoy], 
n.,  grain  ;  food. 

frfistra,  adv.,  in  vain,  to  no  pur- 
pose. 

fuga,  -ae,  f . ,  flight,  retreat. 

fugio,  f  ugere,  ftigT, ,  to  flee. 

fugo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [fuga],  to 
put  to  flight. 


82 


VOCABULARY. 


fulmen,  -inis  [fulgeo,  to  shine], 
n.,  lightning  ;  thunder-bolt. 

Fulvius,  -a,  the  name  of  a  Ro- 
man gens.  A.  Fulvius  joined 
the  conspiracy  of  Catiline. 

fundo,  fundere,  ftid!,  fusus,  to 
pour;  rout. 

fungor,  fungi,  functus  sum,  to 
perform,  discharge. 

funus,  -eris,  n.,  funeral. 

furor,  -oris  [furo,  to  rage],  m., 
madness. 

futarus,  -a,  -um  [fut.  part,  of 
sum],  Sid].,  future. 

G. 

G&des,   -ium,  f.   pi.,   Gades,  a 

town      in      Spain;      modern 

Cadiz. 
Gallia,  -ae,   f.,    Gaul,   modern 

France. 
Gallus,  -1,  m.,  a  Gaul. 
gaudiuin,  -i  [gaudeo,  to  rejoice] , 

n.,  joy. 
geminus,  -a,   -um,   adj.,  twin; 

two-fold. 
gener,  -eri,  m.,  son-in-law. 
gens,  gentis,  f.,  clan,  gens,  tribe, 

nation  ;  family. 
gena,  -us,  n.,  knee. 
genus,  generis,  n.,  kind;  rank. 
Germania,  -ae,  f.,  Germany. 
Germanus,  -i,  m.,  a  German. 
gero,    gerere,    gessi,  gestus,   to 

bear  ;  wear  ;  do,  perform  ;  wage 

(war) ;  manage  ;  sS  gerere,  to 

act,  behave. 


gesto,  -3,re,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 

gero],  to  wear. 
gestus,  -us  [gero],  m.,  bearing; 

gesture. 
gigno,  gignere,  genu!,  genitus, 

to  produce;    beget;    genitus, 

born. 
gladlus,  -1,  m.,  sword. 
gloria,  -ae,  f .,  glory,  fame. 
glorior,  -arl,  -atus  sum  [gloria], 

to  boast. 
Gnaeus,  -i,  m.,  a  Roman  fore- 
name    (praenomen)  ;     abbr. 

Cn. 
gradus,  -us,  m.,  a  step;  stage, 

period. 
Graecia,  -ae,  f.,  Greece. 
Graeculus,  -I  [dim.  of  Graecus], 

m. ,  a  Greekling,  a  poor  Greek. 
Graecus,   -a,  -um,  adj.,  Greek, 

Grecian. 
grandis,  -e,  adj.,  great,  grand. 
granum,  -i,  n.,  grain. 
graphium,  -i  [Greek  word],  n., 

stylus,  pencil. 
gratia,  -ae   [gratus],   f.,  favor, 

friendship;    gratitude;  gratia 

(with  gen.),  for  the  sake  of. 
grStulor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [gra- 
tus], to  congratulate. 
gratus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  welcome, 

acceptable. 
gravis,  -e,  adj.,  heavy;  severe, 

oppressive  ;  serious. 
graviter  [gravis],  adv. ,  severely  ; 

with  dignity. 
gubernator,  -oris  [gubernS,  to 

steer],  m.,  steersman. 


VOCABULARY. 


83 


H. 

habe5,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  to  hold, 

have,  keep;  regard. 
habito,   -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq. 

of  habeo],  to  dwell. 
habitus,  -us  [habeo],  m.,  dress, 

attire. 
Hannibal,  -alis,  m.,  Hannibal, 

the  famous  Carthaginian  gen- 
eral. 
haruspex,  -icis,  m.,  soothsayer. 
hand,  adv.,  not,  not  at  all. 
Hercules,  -is,  m.,  Hercules,  the 

mythological  hero. 
hereditas,  -tatis  [heres],  f.,  in- 
heritance. 
hSres,  -edis,  m.  and  f.,  heir. 
heri,  adv.,  yesterday. 
hie,  haec,  hoc,  gen.  htiius,  dem. 

pro. ,  this  ;  the  following  ;  the 

latter;   often  best  translated 

by  he,  she,  or  it. 
hic,  adv.,  here. 

hiems,  hiemis,  f.,  storm  ;  winter. 
Hierosolyma,    -orum,    n.    pi., 

Jerusalem. 
hilare     [hilarus,     gay'\,     adv., 

gaily. 
hilaritSs,   -tatis    [hilaris,   gay'] 

f.,  merriment. 
HispSnia,  -ae,  f.,  Spain;  in  pi. 

the  two  provinces  into  which 

Spain  was  divided. 
Hispaniensis,  -e,  adj.,  Spanish. 
homo,  -inis,   m.   and  f.,  man; 

mankind. 
honeste  [honestus],  adv.,  hon- 


orably ;  honestissime,  with  the 

greatest  credit. 
honestus,  -a, -um  [honos],  adj., 

honorable. 
honorificus   -a  -um   [honos  -f- 

facio],  adj.,  complimentary. 
honos,  or  honor,  -oris,  m.,  hon- 
or ;  public  office. 
hora,  -ae,  f.,  hour. 
hostia,  -ae,  f.,  victim. 
hostlliter     [hostilis,     hostiW], 

adv.,  in  a  hostile  fashion. 
hostis,  -is,  m.  and  f.,  enemy. 
hue  [hie],  adv.,  hither. 
humanitas,  -tatis  [humanus,  ^m- 

mane],  kindliness;  refinement. 

I. 

iaci5,    iacere,    iecT,    iactus,    to 

throw. 
iactatio,  -onis  [iactO,   freq.    of 

iacio],  f.,  tossing. 
iam,  adv. ,  now  ;  already  ;  at  once. 
lanus,  -1,  m.,  Janus,  a  Roman 

god. 
larbas,  -ae,  m.,  larbas,  king  of 

Mauritania. 
ibi,  adv.,  there.  [bloiv. 

ictus,  -us  [ico,  to  strike],  m.,  a 
idem,  eadem,  idem,  gen.  eiusdem, 

dem.  pro.,  the  same. 
ideo   [id  +  eo],    adv.,  for  that 

reason,  therefore. 
Idas,  -uum,  f.  pi.,  the  Ides;  the 

fifteenth  day  of  March,  May, 

July  and    October,    and    the 

thirteenth  of  other  months. 


84 


VOCABULARY. 


Igitur,  conj.,  therefore,  then. 
ignavia,  -ae  [ignavus,  slothful], 

f.,  idleness,  inactivity. 
ignis,  -is,  m.,  fire. 
ignoro,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  to  fail 

to    know;    he    unaimre    of; 

ignore. 
ignosco,   -ere,    Ignov!,    igndtus 

[in  +  (g)nosco,  to  knoio'],  to 

pardon. 
ignotus,  -a,  -um  [in  +  (g)n6tus, 

known],  adj.,  unknown,strange. 
ilico  [in  +  loc5],  adv.,  straight- 

xoay. 
ille,  ilia,  illud,  gen.  illius,  dem. 

pro. ,  that ;  the  former.    Often 

equivalent  to  an  emphatic  he, 

she,  or  it. 
illic  [ille],  adv.,  in  that  place, 

there. 
illuc  [ille],  adv.,  to  that  place, 

thither. 
imago,  -inis,  f . ,  image ;  statue. 
Imber,  -bris,  m.,  rain. 
immensus,  -a,  -um  [in  -f  men- 

sus,  from  metior,  to  measure], 

adj.,  huge,  immense. 
imino,  adv.,  nay ;  certainly  not. 
immortalis,  -e   [in  +  mortalis, 

from    mors],   adj.,   immortal, 

undying. 
immotus,  -a,  -um  [in  +  motus, 

from  moveo],  adj.,  unmoved, 

steadfast. 
Impatiens,  -entis  [in  -|-  patiens, 

from  patior],  adj.,  impatient. 
impendium,  -i  [in  +  pendo,  to 

weigh,  pay],  n.,  cost. 


impgnsa,  -ae  [cf.  impendium], 
f.,  expense,  cost. 

imperator,  -5ris  [impero],  m., 
general;  emperor. 

iniperfectus,  -a,  -um  [in  +  per- 
fectus,  from  perfici5,  to  fin- 
ish], adj.,  unfinished,  imper- 
fect. 

imperium,  -I  [impero],  n., 
power  ;  military  authority  ; 
dominion;  state. 

impero,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [in  4- 
paro],  to  command;  levy; 
demand. 

impetro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [in  -f 
patr5,  to  accomplish],  to  ob- 
tain, procure. 

impetus,  -us  [in  +  peto],  m., 
attack. 

impietas,  -tatis  [impius,  unduti- 
fid],  f.,  impiety. 

impono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -posi- 
tus  [in  +  pono],  to  place  tipon, 
put  to. 

imprimis  [in  +  primus],  adv., 
especially. 

impugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [in  -f 
pugnS],  to  oppose. 

impanitus,  -a,  -um  [in  +  piini- 
tus,  from  punio],  adj.,  un- 
punished. 

in,  prep,  with  ace.  (1)  or  abl.  (2). 

(1)  to,  into;  against;  for. 

(2)  in,  on,  among. 

As  a  prefix  in  composition  it 
either  retains  its  prepositional 
force,  or  has  a  negative  mean- 
ing. 


VOCABULARY. 


85 


incSdo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessus 
[in  +  cedo],  to  advance^  move 
towards;  walk. 

incendium,  -i  [incendo],  n., 
burning^  conflagration. 

incendS,  -cendere,  -cendT,  -cen- 
sus, to  set  fire  to,  kindle ;  ex- 
cite. 

inceptum,  -i  [incipio,  to  begin'], 
11.,  attempt. 

Incido,  -cidere,  -cidT, [in  + 

cado,  to  fall],  to  happen. 

inclado,  -cludere,  -clusT,  -clusus 
[in  +  claud5],  to  shut  up,  im- 
prison. 

incolo,  -colere,  -colul,  [in 

+  col5],  to  dwell. 

incolumis,  -e,  adj.,  safe,  un- 
injured. 

incredibilis,  -e  [in  +  credibilis, 
from  credo,  to  believe],  adj., 
incredible. 

increpo,  -are,  -ul,  -itus  [in  + 
crepo,  to  crackle],  to  scold, 
upbraid. 

incuinbo,  -cumbere,  -cubui,  -cu- 
bitus [in  +  *cumbo,  to  lie], 
to  lean  upon  ;  apply  oneself 

incariosus,  -a,  -um  [in  +  curi5- 
sus,  from  cura],  adj.,  careless, 
negligent. 

inde,  adv.,  thence,  from  that 
place;  next;  therefore. 

indicium,  -i  [indico,  to  point 
out],  n.,  sign. 

indico,  -dicere, -dixi,  -dictus  [in 
+  d!c5],  to  appoint. 

indictus,  -a,  -um   [in  4-  dictus, 


spoken],  adj. ,  unspoken  ;  causa 
indicta,  the  case  not  having 
been  tried. 

indignatus,  -a,  -um  [per.  part, 
of  indlgnor,  to  grow  angry], 
adj.,  angered,  angry. 

indignus,  -a, -um  [in  +  dignus], 
adj.,  unworthy,  unfit. 

indo,  -dere,  -did!,  -ditus  [in  + 
*d6,  place],  to  endow,  give, 
confer. 

indaco,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductus 
[in  +  duco],  to  lead,  induce. 

industria,  -ae,  f.,  activity,  in- 
dustry. 

ineo,  -ire,  -ivi  (-ii),  -itus  [in  + 
eo],  to  enter  upon,  under- 
take. 

infero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus  [in  + 
fer5],  to  bring  in,  bring  against; 
signa  inferre,  to  make  an  as- 
sault. 

infesto,  -are,  ,  [infes- 

tus],  to  disturb,  infest. 

infestus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  hostile, 
threatening. 

inflo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [in  -f  flo, 
to  breathe],  to  inflate. 

informo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [in  -f 
formo,  to  form],  to  shape, 
form;  educate. 

infra,  adv.,  below. 

ingemo,  -gemere,  -gemuT,  , 

[in  +  gemo,  to  groan],  to 
groan. 

ingenium, -1,  n.,  nature;  char- 
acter; ability. 

ingens,  -entis,  adj.,  vast,  huge. 


86 


VOCABULARY. 


ingredior,  -gredi,  -gressus  sum 

[in  +  gradior,  to  move],  to  enter. 
inicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus  [in  + 

iacio] ,  to  throw  into  ;  suggest. 
inimicitia,   -ae    [inimicus],  f., 

hostility,  unfriendliness. 
iiiimicus,  -a,  -um  [in  +  amicus], 

adj.,   unfriendly,   hostile.    As 

subst.,  a  personal  enemy. 
inique  [inlquus],  adv.,  unjustly. 
iniquus,  -a,  -um  [in  +  aequus], 

adj.,  unequal;  unjust. 
initium,  -i  [ineo],  n.,heginning. 
iniuria,  -ae  [in  +  ius],f.,  wrong, 

injury;  insult. 
inlido,  -lldere,  -lIsT,  -lisus  [in  4- 

laedo,    to    wound],    to    dash 

against. 
inlustris,   -e,   adj.,    illustrious, 

distinguished. 
innitor,    -nitl,    -nixus    (nisus) 

sum  [in  4-  nitor,  to  lean],  to 

support  oneself  by. 
innuo,  -nuere,  -nuT,  [in  + 

*nu6,  to  7iod],  to  nod  to  ;  hint, 

insinuate. 
inopia,   -ae   [inops,   needy],  f., 

need,  poverty. 
inopinatus  -a,  -um  [in  -f  opi- 

natus  from  opinor,  to  think], 

adj.,  unexpected. 
inquietus, -a,  -um  [in  +  quietus, 

quiet],  adj.,  restless,  disturbed. 
inquit,    3d   pers.   sing,   of   def. 

verb :  he  says. 
lorideo,  -ridere,  -rlsi,  -risus  [in 

-f  rldeo,  to  laugh],  to  laugh 

at,  ridicule. 


inruo,  -ruere,  -ruT,  [in  + 

ruo,  to  rush],   to  rush  upon, 

attack. 
mscientia,   -ae   [in-sciens,  un- 
knowing], L,  ignorance. 
inscribo,      -scribere,     -scrlpsT, 

-scrlptus  [in+  scrlbo],  to  write 

on,  inscribe. 
insequor,  -sequl,  -secutus  sum 

[in  -f  sequor],  to  pursue. 
inside5,  -sidere,  -sedl,  [in 

4-  sedeo],  to  sit  upon. 
insidiae, -arum  [insideo] ,  f .  pi., 

snare  ;  plot. 
insigne,  -is  [insignis],  n.,  badge. 
insignis,  -e  [in  -f  sTgnum],  adj., 

noted,  eminent,  prominent. 
insolenter  [insolens,  insolent], 

adv.,  haughtily,  insolently. 
instituo,  -stituere,  -stitui  -stitu- 

tus  [in  +  statuo,  to  arrange^, 

to  establish ;  teach  ;  begin. 
instruo,  -struere,  -struxi,  -struc- 

tus  [in  +  struo,  to  heap],  to 

build  up  ;  equip. 
insum,   -esse,   -fuT,  [in  -f 

sum],  to  be  in. 
Tnsusurro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to 

whisper  to. 
intellego,  -legere,  -lexi,  -I6ctus 

[inter  -j-  leg5],  to  understand, 

find  out. 
intendo,  -tendere,  -tendi,  -ten- 

tus  (tensus)   [in  +  tendd],  to 

aim,  direct. 
inter,   prep,  with  ace,  among, 

between;    inter    iocum,    jest- 
ingly. 


VOCABULARY. 


87 


Intercaiarius,  -a,  -um  [inter- 
calo],  adj.,  intercalary. 

intercalo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [inter 
+  *calo,  to  call],  to  inter- 
calate, i.e.  insert  in  the  calen- 
dar. 

Interdico,  -dicere,  -dixi,  -dictus 
[inter  -1-  dico],  to  interdict, 
prohibit. 

interdia  [inter -|-diu,  from  dies], 
adv.,  by  day. 

interduni  [inter  +  dum],  adv., 
sometimes. 

interea  [inter  +  ea],  adv.,  mean- 
while. 

interfector,  -Oris  [interfici5],m., 
slayer . 

interficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectus 
[inter  -f  facio],  to  kill. 

interim,  adv.,  meanwhile. 

interimo,  -imere,  -emi,  -emptus 
[inter  -f-  emo,  to  take  {buy)], 
to  remove  ;  kill. 

internantius,  -i  [inter  -}-  nun- 
tius],  m,,  messenger. 

interrogo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [inter 
4-  rogo,  to  ask],  to  ask,  ques- 
tion. 

intersum,  -esse,  -fuT, [inter 

+  sum],  to  be  present. 

intra,  prep,  with  ace,  within. 

intumesco,   -ere,  -tumui,   

[in  -f  inch,  of  tumeo,  to  swell], 
to  swell  up. 

inusitatus,  -a,  -um  [in  -f  usita- 
tus  from  iitor],adj.,  uncommon, 
unwonted. 

invSdS,   -vadere,   -vasi,    -vasus 


[in  -f  vado,  to  rush],  to  invade  ; 

seize. 
invalidus,-a,  -um  [in  -f  validus], 

adj.,  weak. 
invelio,  -vehere,  -vexi,   -vectus 

[in  -f  veho,  to  carry],  to  carry 

towards;  pass.,  to  attack;  be 

carried  on;  in  vectus  (classe), 

having  sailed. 
invenio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ventus 

[in  -f  venio],   to  find,   come 

upon. 
invidia,  -ae,  f.,  jealousy. 
invisus,  -a,   -um  [per.  part,  of 

in  video,  to  envy],  adj.,  hated, 

hateful. 
invito,   -are,  -avT,  -atus,  to  in- 
vite. 
iocus,  -1,  m.  (pi.  -1  or  -a),  jest, 

joke. 
ipse,  ipsa,  ipsum,    gen.    ipsius, 

determinative  pro.,  self;  him- 

(her-,  it-)  self;  very. 
irascor,  Trasci,  iratus  sum  [Ira, 

wrath],  to  be  angry,  rage. 
iri,  pass.  inf.  of  eo,  to  go;  used 

to  make  the  fut.  pass,  infin. 
is,  ea,  id,  gen.  eius,  dem.  pro., 

he,  she,  it;  this;  the  one. 
iste,  ista,  istud,  gen.  istms,  dem. 

pro.,  that  (of  yours);  this. 
ita,  adv.,  thus,  so. 
Italia,  -ae,  f.,  Italy. 
itaque  [ita,  so  +  que],conj.,  and 

so,  therefore. 
item,  adv.,  liketoise,  besides. 
iter,  itineris,  n.,  journey,  march  ; 

way. 


88 


VOCABULARY. 


iterum,    adv.,   a    second    time, 

again. 
luba,   -ae,   m.,   Juba,   king    of 

Numidia. 
iubeo,  -ere,  iussl,  iussus,  to  or- 
der. 
iueundus,  -a,  -uiii,  adj.,  agreea- 
ble, pleasant. 
ludaea,  -ae,  f.,  Judaea. 
ludaeus,  -T,  m.,  a  Jew. 
iiidicium,  -I  [iudex,  judge'],  ii., 

a  court ;  judgment,  decision. 
iudico,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [iudex, 

judge],  to  judge;  declare. 
ingulum,    -i    [dim.    of    iugum, 

collar],  n.,  throat,  neck. 
lalius,  -a,  the  name  of  a  Roman 

gens.    See  Caesar,  Augustus, 
lulia,    -ae,    f.    (1)    the    sister 

of    Caesar,    grandmother    of 

Augustus.     (2)  The  daughter 

of  Caesar,  wife  of  Pompey. 
iung5,  iungere,   iunxT,  iunctus, 

to  join,  unite;  form. 
iunior,  -oris,  comp.  of  iuvenis, 

younger. 
luppiter,  lovis,  m.,  Jiqjiter,  the 

chief  god  in  Roman  mythology. 
ius,  iuris,  n.,  right,  law ;  court ; 

abl.,  iure,  justly,  by  right. 
iussus,  -iis  [iubeo],  m.  (found 

only  in  abl.  sing.),  command. 
iustitia,  -ae  [iiis],  f.,  justice. 
iuvenis,    -e,    adj.,   young.     As 

subst.,  a  youth. 
iuventus,    -tutis    [iuvenis],    f., 

age  of  youth;   young  people, 

youth. 


Ii. 

L.,  abbr.  of  Lucius,  a  Roman 
forename  {praenomen) . 

labor,  -oris,  m.,  labor  ;  hardship. 

laboriosus,  -a,  -um  [labor],  adj., 
laborious;  careful. 

laboro,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [labor], 
to  toil ;  suffer ;  be  hard  pressed  ; 
ache. 

lacero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  rend, 
tear;  injure. 

lacrima,  -ae,  f.,  tear. 

lacrimo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [la- 
crima], to  weep. 

laetitia,  -ae  [laetus],  f.,  glad- 
ness, joy. 

laetus,  -a,  -um,  didi].,  glad,  joyful. 

lamina,  -ae,  f . ,  plate,  leaf. 

latebra,  -ae  [lateo],  f.,  usually 
pi,  hiding-place. 

Iate5,  -ere,  -ui, ,  to  lurk,  be 

concealed. 

latericius,  -a,  -um  [later,  brick], 
adj.,  made  of  bricks. 

Latinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Latin. 

latus,  -eris,  n,,  side,  flank. 

laudo,  -are,  -jivi,  -atus  [laus],  to 
praise. 

laurea,  -ae,  f.,  laurel  or  bay- 
tree;  laurel  crown. 

laus,  laudis,  t, praise;  glory. 

laxitSs,  -tatis  [laxus,  loide],  f., 
width,  spaciousness. 

lectica,  -ae,  f.,  litter,  sedan- 
chair. 

lectulus,  -1  [dimin.  of  lectus], 
m.,  couch,  bed. 


VOCABULARY. 


89 


lectus,  -I,  m.,  bed. 

legatio,  -onis  [cf.  legatus],  f., 
eynbassy. 

legatus,  -I  [lego,  to  send  as  am- 
bassador]., m.,  ambassador; 
lieutenant. 

legio,  -onis  [lego],  f.,  legion. 

lego,  -ere,  legT, lectus,  to  collect; 
read. 

lenocinium,  -i,  u.,  allurement ; 
ornament. 

Leiitulus,  -1,  m.,  a  Roman 
family  name. 

(1)  P.  Cornelius  Lentulus 
took  part  in  Catiline's  con- 
spiracy. 

(2)  Lentulus^  the  adoptive 
name  of  Dolabella,  son-in-law 
of  Cicero. 

lentus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  tough; 
slow;  calm. 

Lepidus,  -T,  m.,  a  Roman  family 
name. 

M.  Aemilius  Lepidus,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  second  triumvirate. 

Igx,  legis,  f.,  law. 

llbens,  -entis  [pres.  part,  of 
libet,  it  pleases],  ad].,  willing ; 
with  pleasure. 

libenter  [libens],  adv.,  willingly, 
gladly. 

liber,  -era,  -erum,  adj.,  free; 
generous. 

liber,  -bri,  m.,  book. 

liberalitas,  -tatis  [liberalis,  lib- 
eral], t,  generosity. 

liberi,  -orum  [liber],  m.  pi., 
children. 


libero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [liber], 
to  free,  set  free. 

libertas,  -tatis  [liber],  f.,  free- 
dom; boldness. 

liber tus,  -i  [liber],  m.,  f reed- 
man. 

licet,  licere,  licuit,  and  licitum 
est,  imper.  verb,  it  is  per- 
mitted. 

lictor,  -5ris,  m.,  lictor,  attendant. 

llquefacio,   -ere,    ,    -factus 

[liqueo,  to  be  fluid -\-  facio],  to 
dissolve. 

litigator,  -oris  [litigo,  to  sue], 
m.,  suitor,  litigant. 

littera,  -ae,  f.,  letter  of  the 
alphabet;  pi.,  letter,  epistle; 
literature. 

litus,  -oris,  n.,  shore. 

locus,  -1, m.  (pi.  -T  or  -9.), place; 
occasion. 

longe  [longus],  adv.,  at  a  dis- 
tance; greatly,  by  far. 

longus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  long. 

loquor,  loquT,  locutus  sum,  to 
speak. 

luctor,  -firi,  -atus  sum,  to  wrestle. 

luctus,  -us  [lugeo,  to  mourn], 
m.,  sorrow,  mourning, 

Lacullus,  -T,  m.,  a  Roman  family 
name.  L.  Licinius  Lucullus,  a 
contemporary  of  Pompey,  re- 
nowned for  his  luxury. 

ludus,  -1,  m.,  play,  game. 

lagubris,  -e  [lugeo,  to  mourn], 
adj.,  mournful. 

Inmen,  -inis,  n.,  light. 

IQna,  -ae,  f.,  the  moon. 


90 


VOCABULARY. 


lux,  lucis,  f.,  light. 

luxus,  -us,  m.,  excess ;  splendor. 

M. 

M.,  abbr.  of  Marcus,  a  Roman 
forename  {praendmeii) . 

Macedonia,  -ae,  f.,  Macedonia. 

macto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  kill. 

Maecenas,  -atis,  m.,  the  family 
name  of  C.  Cilnius  Maecenas, 
a  friend  of  Augustus. 

maestus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  sad. 

magis,  adv.  comp.,  more  ;  rather. 

magister,  -trl,  m.,  master,  teacher. 

magistratus,  -us  [magister],  m., 
office,  magistracy. 

magnificus,  -a,  -um  [magnus  + 
facio],  adj.,  magnificent.,  ^Un- 
did. 

magnitudo,  -inis  [magnus],  f., 
greatness,  size. 

magnopere  [magnus  +  opus], 
adv.,  very  much,  greatly,  ex- 
ceedingly. 

magnus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  great, 
large. 

Magnus,  -i.,  m.,  the  Great,  sur- 
name of  Pompey. 

maiestas,  -tatis,  f.,  greatness, 
dignity. 

maior,  -ius,  gen.  -oris,  comp.  of 
magnus. 

male  [malus,  evil],  adv.,  badly, 
wickedly. 

malo,  malle,  malul, [magis 

4-  volo],  to  choose  rather,  pre- 
fer. 


malum,  -i  [malus,  evil'],  n.,  evil, 
misfortune. 

mando,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [manus 
-f  *dO,  to  place],  to  order,  com- 
mand. 

maneo,  -ere,  mans!,  mansus,  to 
remain,  wait. 

mano, -are,  -avi,  to  flow  ;  spread. 

mansuetndo,  -inis  [mansuetus, 
tame],  f.,  mildness,  gentle- 
ness. 

manus,  -us,  f.,  hand;  hand, 
troops. 

Marcus,  -I,  m.,  a  Roman  fore- 
name (praenomen). 

mare,  maris,  n.,  sea.  M.  Supe- 
rum,  the  Adriatic  Sea. 

margarita,  -ae,  f.,  pearl. 

Marius,  -a,  the  name  of  a  Ro- 
man gens.  C.  Marius,  the  fa- 
mous general,  married  an  aunt 
of  Julius  Caesar. 

marnioreus,  -a,  -um  [marmor, 
marble],  adj.,  marble. 

Mars,  Martis,  m.,  the  Roman 
god  of  war  ;  dubio  Marte,  in  a 
doubtful  battle. 

Martius,  -a,  -um  [Mars],  adj., 
martial;  of  the  month  of 
March. 

matrona,  -ae  [mater,  another], 
f.,  wife,  matron. 

maxime  [maximus],  adv.,  very 
greatly,  especially. 

maximus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  super, 
of  magnus. 

medicamentum,  -I  [medicO,  to 
drug],  n.,  drug. 


VOCABULARY. 


91 


,nie(licus,  -I  [medeor,  to  ^eaZ], 
m.,  doctor^  physician. 

meditor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  to  plan, 
devise. 

medium,  -I[medius],  n.,  middle, 
centre. 

medius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  middle. 

melior,  -ius,  gen.  -oris,  comp.  of 
bonus. 

Memmius,  -a,  the  name  of  a 
Roman  gens.  C.  Memmius 
Gemellus  was  consul  b.c.  54. 

memorabilis,  -e  [memoro,  to 
narrate'],  adj.,  memorable. 

memoria,  -ae  [memor],  mind- 
ful'], f.,  memory. 

mens,  mentis,  f.,  mind. 

mensa,  -ae,  f.,  table;  course  (at 
a  meal) . 

mensis,  -is,  m.,  month. 

mergo,  -ere,  mersT,  mersus,  to 
sink. 

merx,  mercis,  f.,  merchandise. 

Metellus,  -i,  m.,  the  name  of  a 
Roman  family.  Q.  Caecilius 
3Ietellus  was  consul  b.c.  80. 

mens,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  my.,  mine. 

miles,  -itis,  m.,  soldier ;  soldiery. 

Miletus,  -I,  f.,  Mile'tus,  a  city  on 
the  coast  of  Asia  Minor. 

milieus  [mille],  adv.,  a  thousand 
times. 

mille,  sing,  indecl.  adj.,  thousand. 
PI.  milia,  -ium,  n.  subst.  thou- 
sands. 

mimus,  -i,  m.,  actor ;  farce. 

minimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  super, 
of  parvus. 


minister,  -tri,  m.,  attendant., 
helper. 

minitor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [freq.  of 
minor],  to  threaten. 

minor,  minus,  gen.  -oris,  adj., 
comp.  of  parvus. 

minor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [minae, 
threats'],  to  threaten. 

minuo,  -ere,  -uT,  -utus  [minor], 
to  diminish.,  make  small. 

minus,  adv.,  comp.  of  parum, 
less,  too  little. 

mirificus,  -a,  -um  [mirus  4-  fa- 
cio],  adj.,  tconderful. 

miror,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [mlrus], 
to  admire ;  wonder  at. 

mirus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  wonder- 
ful. 

mis8i6,-onis  [mitto],  i., sending  ; 
discharge,  dismissal. 

Mithridates,  -is,  m.,  Mithri- 
dd'tes,  king  of  Pontus. 

Mithridaticus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of 
or  tcith  3Iithridates. 

mitto,  mittere,  misi,  missus,  to 
send;  dismiss;  hurl. 

Mitylenae,  -arum,  f.  pi.,  3Iity- 
le'ne,  a  city  on  the  island  Les- 
bos, near  the  coast  of  Asia 
Minor. 

moderatio,  -onis  [moderor,  to 
restrain,  from  modus],  f.,  mod- 
eration, self-control. 

moderatus,  -a,  -um  [per.  part, 
of  moderor,  to  restrain],  adj., 
moderate,  restrained. 

modicus, -a,  -urn  [modus],  adj., 
temperate,  modest. 


92 


VOCABULAEY. 


modo    [modus],    adv.,    merely^ 

only;    modo  .  .  .  modo,  ?ioi<j 

.  .  .  then;  sometimes  .  .  .  at 

other  times. 
modus,  -T,  m.,  measwe;  icay, 

manner. 
nioenia,  -ium,  n.  pi.,  walls  (of  a 

city). 
moleste   [molestus],  adv.,  with 

difficulty ;  moleste  ferre,  to  be 

vexed  or  disappointed. 
molestia,    -ae    [molestus],     f., 

trouble,  annoyance. 
molestus,  -a,  -urn  [md\es,ioeight'], 

adj.,  troublesome,  annoying. 
molior,  -iri,  -itus  sum  [m51es, 

weight'],   to  struggle;    under- 
take. 
mollis,  -e,  adj.,  soft ;  effeminate. 
Molo,  -onis,  m.,  see  ApoUonius. 
momentum,    -I     [raove5],    n., 

movement;  moment. 
moneo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  to  warn^ 

advise. 
mora,  -ae,  f.,  delay. 
morbus,  -T,  m.,  sickness,  disease. 
morior,  morl  (moriri),  mortuus 

sum  [cf.  mors],  to  die. 
moror,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [mora], 

to  delay. 
mors,  mortis,  f.,  death. 
inorsus,  -iis  [mordeo,   to  bite], 

m.,  bite. 
mortuus,  -a,  -um  [per,  part,  of 

morior],  adj.,  dead. 
mos,  moris,  m.,  Jiabit,  custom; 

manner ;    more  +  genitive,  in 

the  manner  of,  like. 


moveo,  -ere,  movi,  motus,  to 
move;  remove;  affect.,  disturb. 

mox,  adv.,  soon,  next. 

macro,  -onis,  m.,  point,  edge; 
sword. 

muliebriter  [muliebris,  woman- 
ly], adv.,  like  a  woman;  ef- 
feminately. 

mulier,  -eris,  f.,  woman. 

multiplex,  -icis  [multus  +  plico, 
to  fold],  adj.,  manifold;  suc- 
cessive, repeated. 

multitado,  -inis  [multus],  f., 
mxdtitude. 

multo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [multa, 
a  fine],  to  fine  ;  punish. 

multum  [multus],  adv.,  much, 
greatly. 

multus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  much, 
many. 

mnnio,  -Ire,  -ivi,  -Ttus  [moenia], 
to  fortify;  make  (a  road). 

muraena,  -ae,  f.,  a  kind  of  sea 
fish. 

Mutlna,  -ae,  f.,  Mutina,  modern 
Mddena,  a  city  in  northern 
Italy. 

Mutinensis,  -e,  adj.,  of  or  at 
Mutina. 

muto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 
moveo],  to  change,  alter. 

N. 

nam,  con].,  for,  because. 
narro,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  to  tell, 

narrate. 
nascor,  nasci,  natus  sum,  to  be 

born;  arise. 


VOCABULARY. 


93 


nasus,  -I,  m.,  nose. 

natus,  -a,  -um  [per.  part,  of 
nascor],  adj.,  horn;  with  ex- 
pressions of  time,  old.  As 
subst. ,  natus,  -T,  m. ,  sow. 

naufragium,  -i  [navis+frango], 
n.,  shipwreck. 

iiavalis,  -e  [navis],  adj.,  naval. 

navicula,  -ae  [dim.  of  navis],  f., 
small  ship,  boat. 

navigium,  -I  [navigo,  to  sail], 
n.,  vessel. 

navis,  -is,  f.,  ship. 

ne,  adv.,  not;  ne  .  .  .  quidem, 
not  even. 

ne,  conj.,  lest;  that  .   .  .  not. 

nee,  or  neque  [ne  -1-  que],  conj., 
nor,  and  not;  nee  .  .  .  nee, 
neither  .  .  .  nor. 

necessarius,  -a,  -um  [necesse, 
necessary],  adj.,  necessary; 
mors  necessaria,  natural  death. 

neco,  -are,  -avi  (necui),  -atus 
[nex,  murder'],  to  put  to  death. 

neglegens,  -entis  [pres.  part,  of 
neglego,  to  neglect],  adj.,  care- 
less, heedless. 

nego,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  say  no, 
say  not;  deny ;  refuse. 

nemo,  dat.  -ini  [ne  +  homo],  m. 
and  f.,  no  one,  nobody. 

nepos,  -Otis,  m.,  grandson; 
nephew. 

neptis,  -is,  f.,  granddaughter. 

neque,  see  nee. 

neuter,  -tra,  -tram,  gen.  neutri- 
us  [ne  ^-  uter],  adj.,  neither. 

nex,  necis,  f.,  death,  murder. 


niger,  -gra,  -grum,  adj.,  black, 
dark. 

nihil,  or  nil  [ne  -f-  hilum,  trifle], 
n.  indec,  nothing.  As  adv.,  not 
at  all,  by  no  means. 

nihilum,  -i  [ne  +  hilum,  trifle], 
n.,  nothing.  Abl.  as  adv.,  ni- 
hilo,  not  at  all,  by  no  means ; 
nihilo  minus,  nevertheless. 

nihildum  [nihil  4-  dum],  n.  in- 
dec., nothing  as  yet. 

Nilus,  -1,  m.,  the  Nile  Biver. 

nimius,  -a,  -um  [nimis,  too 
much],  adj.,  very  great,  exces- 
sive. 

nisi  [ne  -f  si],  conj.,  if  not,  un- 
less; except. 

niteo,   -ere,  -ui,  ,  to  shine; 

be  conspicuous. 

no,  nare,  navi, ,  to  swim. 

nobilis,  -e,  adj.,  famous,  noble. 

noceo,  -ere,  -uI,  -iturus,  to  harm. 

noctu  [abl.  of  *noctus,  night], 
adv. ,  by  night. 

noctua,  -ae  [nox],  f.,  owl. 

nocturnus,  -a,  -um  [nox],  adj., 
nocturnal. 

Nola,  -ae,  f.,  Nola,  a  town  in 
Campania. 

nolo,  nolle,  noluT,  [ne  -f- 

volo],  to  be  unwilling. 

nomen,  -inis  [cf .  nosco,io  know], 
n.,  name. 

non,  adv.,  not. 

nondum  [non  +  dum],  adv., 
not  yet. 

nonnallus,  -a,  -um  [non  +  nul- 
lus],  adj.,  some,  several. 


94 


VOCABULARY. 


nounumquam  [iion  -f  iiumquam, 
never],  adv.,  sometimes. 

nota,  -ae  [nosco,  to  know'},  f., 
mark,  brand. 

novem,  adj.,  nine. 

novus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  new. 

nox,  noctis,  f.,  night. 

nubo,  nubere,  nupsi,  nuptus,  to 
marry. 

nuUus,  -a,  -urn,  geu.  nulllus 
[ne  +  ullus],  adj.,  none,  no; 
nullus  non,  eveinj. 

num,  inter,  adv. ;  in  indirect 
questions,  whether. 

Numa,  -ae,  m.,  Numa  Pompiliiis, 
the  second  king  of  Rome, 

numero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [nu- 
merus,  number},  to  count ;  pay 
down. 

Numidia,  -ae,  f.,  Numidia,  a 
country  in  northern  Africa. 

nummus,  -i,  m.,  coin,  piece  of 
money,  often  meaning  sester- 
tius. 

numquam  [ne  +  uniquam], 
adv.,  never. 

nunc,  adv.,  now. 

nnntio,  -are,  -avI,  -atus,  to  an- 
nounce. 

nantius,  -lyVa..,  messenger  ;  mes- 


nato,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 
*nuo,  to  nod},  to  waver,  hesi- 
tate. 

O. 

O,  interj.,  O  !  oh  ! 

ob,  prep  with  ace,  on  account 


of.  In  composition  it  has  the 
meaning  of  towards,  in  front 
of 

obeo, -ire.-ivi  (-ii),  -itus  [ob + 
eo],  to  go  to  meet;  die. 

obicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus  [ob 
4-  iacio],  to  throw  (before)  ; 
offer,  put  into  the  hands. 

oblivio,  -onis  [obliviscorj,  f., 
forgetfulness,  oblivion. 

obliviscor,  -I, -litus  sum,  to  for- 
get. 

obnoxius,  -a,  -um  [ob  -f  noxius, 
harmful},  adj.,  liable;  ex- 
posed. 

obruo,  -ruere,  -rui,  -rutus  [ob  -|- 
ruo],  to  overwhelm. 

obses,  -sidis,  m.  and  f.,  hostage. 

obsideo,  -ere,  -sedi,  -sessus  [ob 
-f-  sede5],  to  besiege. 

obsidio,  -onis  [obsideo],  f., 
siege. 

obsisto,  -ere,  -stiti,  -stitus  [ob 
4-  sisto],  to  withstand,  resist. 

obtingo,  -ere,  -tigi, [ob  -f 

tango,  to  touch},  to  befall. 

obtrectator,  -oris  [obtrecto,  to 
rival},  m.,  detractor,  dis- 
parager. 

obvenio,  -Ire,  -veni,  -ventus  [ob 
-f  venio],  to  fall  to  the  lot  of. 

obviam  [ob  +  via(m)],  adv., 
against,  toward;  obviam  ve- 
nire (Ire),  to  come  or  go 
toward,  meet. 

obvolvo,  -volvere,  -volvl,  -volu- 
tus  [ob  -f  volvo,  to  wrap} ,  to 
vyrap  up,  cover  over. 


VOCABULARY. 


95 


occasiS,  -onis  [occido],  1,  op- 
portunUii. 

occido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -cisus  [ob 
+  caedo],  to  kill,  slay. 

occido,  -cidere,  -cidI,  -casus 
[ob  +  cado,  to  faW],  to  fall; 
sink;  set. 

occumbS,  -cumbere,  -cubul, 
-cubitus  [ob  +  *cumbO,  to  lie], 
to  fall,  die. 

occupS,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ob 
4-  capio],  to  take.,  seize;  oc- 
cupy. 

occurro,  -currere,  -curri,  -cur- 
sus  [ob  -I-  currO,  to  run].,  to 
meet.,  oppose. 

Octavianus,  -i,  m.,  Octavian,  a 
name  given  to  C.  Octavius, 
afterwards  known  as  Augustus, 
on  his  adoption  by  Caesar. 

Octavius,  -a,  the  name  of  a  Ro- 
man gens. 

(1)  C.  Octavius,  better 
known  as  Augustus,  was  a 
grand-nephew  of  Caesar. 

(2)  Octavia,  sister  of  C. 
Octavius,  and  wife  of  Mark 
Antony. 

oculus,  -T,  m.,  eye. 

odor,  -oris,  m.,  perfume,  odor. 

oiFendo,  -fendere,   -fend!,   -fen- 

sus,  to  offend,  displease. 
offero,     -ferre,    obtuli,    oblatus 

[ob  +  fero],  to  offer;  give. 
offleiosus,    -a,   -um    [officium], 

adj.,  dutiful,  courteous. 
officium,  -1,  n.,  service,  duty. 
omnis,  -e,  adj.,  all,  the  whole. 


opera,  -ae  [opus],  f.,  work ;  at- 
tention;  operam  do.  to  take 
pains ;  operam  p5n5,  to  spend 
toil. 

opifex,  -icis  [opus  -|-  facioj,  m. 
and  f.,  workman. 

opinio,  -onis  [opinor,  to  think], 
f.,  opinion,  belief. 

oportet,  -ere,  -uit,  impers.  verb, 
it  is  fitting,^  necessary  ;  ought. 

oppidum,  -!,  n.,  walled  toiun, 
city. 

oppono,  -p5nere,  -posui,  -posi- 
tus  [ob  -f-  p5no],  to  set  against, 
oppose. 

opportunus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  fit, 
convenient. 

opprinio,  -primere,  -pressi,  -pres- 
sus  [ob-f  premo,  to  press],  to 
overwhelm,  rout,  defeat. 

(ops),  opis,  f.,  aid;  power,  in- 
fluence. 

optimas,  -atis  [optimus],  m., 
aristocrat;  one  of  the  senato- 
rial party. 

optimus,  -a,  -um,  superlative  of 
bonus,  best. 

opto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  hope, 
long  for. 

opus,  -eris,  n.,  work,  toil ;  need. 

oratio,  -onis  [oro],  f.,  speech; 
oration. 

orbis,  -is,  m.,  ring,  circle;  with 
terraruin  (terrae)  expressed  or 
understood,  world,  earth. 

ordino,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ordo], 
to  order,  arrange. 

ordo,  -inis,  m.,  order ;  rank. 


96 


VOCABULARY 


orior,  -iri,  ortus    sum,  to  rise; 

begin. 
ornamentum,     -i     [orno],    n., 

ornament^  decoration. 
ornatus,  -a,  -iiin   [per.  part,  of 

orno],    adj.,    illustrious,    dis- 

tinguished. 
orno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  equip, 

adorn. 
oro,  -are,  -avi,   -atus   [6s],    to 

speak  ;  entreat,  pray. 
OS,  oris,  n.,  mouth  ;  face. 
ostendo,  -tendere,  -tendi,  -ten- 

tus  [ob(s)  +  tendo],  to  stretch 

out,  show. 
otiosus,  -a,  -um  [otium],  adj., 

idle,  at  leisure. 
otium,  -1,  n.,  leisure;  idleness; 

peace. 


paene,  adv.,  nearly,  almost. 

paenitet,  -ere,  -uit,  impers.  verb, 
it  repents,  makes  sorry. 

palam,  adv.,  openly,  publicly. 

Palatium,  -i,  n.,  the  Palatine 
Hill  at  Rome,  on  which  the 
emperors  resided.  Palatia, 
-orum,  palace. 

pains,  -udis,  f.,  swamp,  marsh. 

par,  paris,  adj.,  equal,  similar. 

parabilis,  -e  [paro],  adj.,  pro- 
curable, at  hand. 

parco,  -ere,  peperci  (parsi),par- 
sus,  to  spare,  pardon. 

parcus,  -a,  -um  [parco],  adj., 
sparing,  temperate;  moderate, 
scanty. 


parens,  -entis  [pario,  to   bring 

forth],  m.  and  i.,  parent. 
pareo,  -ere,  -ui,  to  obey. 
pariter    [par],    adv.,     equally, 

alike. 
paro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  prepare. 
parricidium,  -T  [pater  -f  caedo], 

n. ,  parricide. 
pars,  partis,  f.,  jmrt;  direction; 

party,  faction. 
Parthi,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  the  Par- 

thians,  an  Asiatic  people  liv- 
ing south  of  the  Caspian  Sea. 
partior,  -iri,  -Itus  sum  [pars], 

to  share,  divide. 
parvus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  small,  little. 
patefacio,  -facere,  -feci,  -factus 

[pateo,  to  lie  open  +  faciS],  to 

discover,  disclose. 
pater,  -tris,  m.,  father. 
paternus,  -a,  -um  [pater],  adj., 

paternal. 
patiens,  -entis    [pres.   part,   of 

patior],  2idi].,  patient,  enduring, 
patior,  pati,  passus  sum,  to  suffer, 

endure  ;  permit. 
patria,    -ae    [pater],    f.,    native 

land. 
patrimonium,    -i     [pater],    n,, 

patrimony. 
patronus,  -i  [pater],  m.,  patron ; 

advocate,  defender  (in  court  of 

law). 
paucus,  -a,  -um,  2idi].,  few,  little. 
paulo     and    paulam    [paulus, 

littW],  adv.,  a  little,  somewhat. 
pauper,  -eris,  adj.,  poor. 
pSx,  pacis,  f .,  peace  ;  agreement. 


VOCABULARY 


97 


pecunia,  -ae  [pecus,  cattle'},  f., 

wealth,  money. 
per,   prep,  with  ace,  through; 

during  ;  by  means  of. 
peragro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [per  + 

ager],     to     wander    through., 

traverse. 
percello,  -cellere,  -culT,  -culsus, 

to  strike. 
percontor,   -ari,  -atus  sum,    to 

question. 
percussor,  -Oris  [percutio],  m., 

murderer^  assassin. 
percutio,  -cutere,  -cussi,  -cussus 

[per  +  quatio,    to   shake],   to 

crush;  kill ;  knock  (at  a  door). 
perdo,  -dere,  -did!,  -ditus  [per  -f- 

*do,  to  place}.,  to  ruin;  lose. 
perduco,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductus 

[per  4-  duco],«o  lead.,  conduct. 
peregrinus,  -a,-um  [per  +  ager], 

adj.,  foreign. 
pereo,  -ire,  -TvT(-ii),  -iturus  [per 

+  eo] ,  to  perishy  he  lost. 
perfero,  -ferre,  -tulT,  -latus  [per 

4-  fero],  to  bear  through  ;  keep 

throughout. 
perfruor,    -frul,    -frUctus    sum 

[per  +  fruor,  to  enjoy},  to  en- 
joy fully. 
periclitor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [perl- 

culum],  to  be  in  danger  ;  risk. 
periculosus,    -a,    -um    [pericu- 

lum],  adj.,  dangerous,   peril- 
ous. 
periculum,  -i,  n.,  trial,  danger. 
peritus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  experienced, 

skilled. 


permoveo,  -movere,  -movl,  -m5- 

tus   [per  -f  moveo],   to   move 

greatly,  influence. 
perniuto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [per  + 

muto]  to  interchange,  exchange. 
peroro,  -are,  avi,  -atus  [per  + 

Oro],  to  speak,  plead. 
perpetuus,  -a,   -um,   adj.,  per- 
petual ;  in  perpetuum, /orev^r  ; 

perpetuo,  continually. 
perrumpo,  -rumpere,  -rupT,  -rup- 

tus    [per  +  rumpo],  to  break 

through. 
persaepe    [per  -|-  saepe],  adv., 

very  often. 
persequor,  -sequT,  -sectitus  sum 

[per  -f  sequor],  to  folloio  up, 

pursue. 
pertaesus,  -a,  -um  [per  -f  taedet, 

it  disgusts},  adj.,  sick  of,  weary 

of;  loathing. 
pertinaciter  [pertinax,  persist- 
ent}, adv.,  persistently. 
pertineo,    -tinere,    -tinuT,   

[per  4-  teneo],   to    hold  out, 

extend. 
pervenio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ventus 

[per  +  venio],  to  reach,  arrive 

at. 
pes,  pedis,  m.,foot. 
pestis,  -is,  f.,  plague,  pest. 
petitio,  -onis  [peto],  f.,  applica- 
tion, candidacy. 
peto,  -ere,  -ivi  (-ii),  -itus,  to  strive 

for,  seek ;  go  to ;  attack  ;  ask, 

beg. 
phalerae,  -arum,  f.   pi.,   metal 

decoration  ;  trappings. 


98 


VOCABULARY 


Pharnaces,  -Is,  m.,  Pharnaces, 

son  of  Mithridates. 
Pharsalicus,   -a,   -um,   adj.,  of 

Pharsd'lus. 
Pharsalus,  -I,  f.,  Pharsd'lus,  a 

town  in  Thessaly. 
philosophia,  -ae  [Greek  word], 

f.,  philosophy. 
philosophus,  -i  [Greek  word], 

m.,  philosopher. 
pietas,  -talis  [pins,  dutiful],  f., 

dutiful  conduct,  piety. 
pirata,  -ae   [Greek  word],  m., 

pirate. 
piraticus,  -a,  -um  [pirata],  adj., 

piratical ;  with  pirates. 
piscina,  -ae  [piscis],  i.,  fish-pond. 
piscis,  -is,  m.^fish. 
Placentia,  -ae,  f .,  Placentia,  a 

town  on  the  Po  River. 
placo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  to  quiet, 

appease. 
plaga,  -ae,  f.,  stroke,  blow. 
Plancus,  -1,  m.,  Plancus,  family 

name  of  C.  Plotius  Plancus, 

put  to  death  43  b.c. 
plebs,  plebis,  or  plebes,  -el  (T), 

f.,  plebeians,  populace. 
plenus,  -a,  -um  [ple5,  to  fill], 

adj.,  full,  filled. 
plemisque,  -aque,  -timque  [ple- 

rus,   many],  adj.,   very  great 

part,  very  many,  most. 
Plinius,  -a,  the  name  of  a  Roman 

gens. 

C.  Plinius  Secundus,  Pliny, 

a  prolific  Roman  writer,  lived 

A.D.  23-79. 


Plotius,  -a,  the  name  of  a  Ro- 
man gens. 

M.  Plotius  took  part  in  the 
war  between  Caesar  and  Pom- 
pey.     See  also  Plancus. 

plumbeus,  -a,  -um  [plumbum, 
lead],  adj.,  leaden. 

plurimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  sup.  of 
inultus,  very  many,  most. 

plus,  pluris,'adj.,  comp.  of  mul- 
tus,  7nore.  As  subst.,  plures, 
-ium,  m.  pi.,  more,  many. 

poeta,  -ae  [Greek  word],  m.,poet. 

Pollio,  -onis,  m.,  Pollio,  a  friend 
of  Augustus. 

Pompeianus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of 
ov  pertaining  to  Pompey. 

Pompeius,  -i,  m.,  the  name  of 
a  Roman  gens. 

(1)  Cn.  Pompeius  3Iagnus, 
the  great  general ;  see  pp.  1-7. 

(2)  Cn.  Pompei^is,  his  son, 
defeated  in  Spain  by  Caesar. 

Pomptinus,  -a,  -um,  Pomptine. 
Pomptlnae  paludes,  a  marshy 
tract  about  fifty  miles  south  of 
Rome. 

pono,  -ere,  posul,  positus,  to 
put,  place  ;  spend. 

pons,  pontis,  m.,  bridge. 

ponticulus,  -T  [dim.  of  pons], 
m.,  a  little  bridge. 

Ponticus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Pon- 
tus.  Pontic. 

Pontus,  -T,  m.  (1)  Pontus,  a 
country  in  Asia  Minor,  south 
of  the  Black  Sea;  (2)  a  dis- 
trict north  of  the  Black  Sea. 


VOCABULARY. 


99 


populus,  -T,  m.,  people. 
porrigo,   -rigere,  -rexi,    -rectus 

[por  =  pro  +  rego],  to  stretch 

out ;  offer .1  present. 
porta,  -ae,  f.,  gate. 
porticus,  -us  [porta],  f.,  portico., 

a  walk  covered  by  a  roof  sup- 
ported on  columns. 
porto,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  to  carry, 

bear. 
portorium,   -i  [porta],  n.,  tax, 
'  tariff. 
Posidonius,  -T,  m.,  Posidd'nius, 

a  famous  Stoic  philosopher. 
possum,  posse,  potuT, [po- 

tis,  «67e  +  sum],  to  be   able; 

can. 
post,  adv.,  and  prep,  with  ace. , 

afterwards ;  after. 
postea  [post  +  eu],  adv.,  after- 

tcards. 
posterior,  -ius,  gen.  -oris,  adj. 

comp.  of  posterus,  later,  fol- 
lowing. 
posterus,  -a,   -um  [post],  adj., 

7iext,  following. 
posthac      [post  +  hac],     adv., 

after  this,  hereafter. 
posticiim,    -!    [post],    n.,   back 

door. 
postquam  [post  +  quam],  conj., 

after. 
postremo  [postremus],  adv.,  at 

last. 
postremus,  -a,  -um,   super,   of 

posterus,  last. 
postulo,    -are,    -avT,   -atus    [cf. 

p5sco],  to  demand,  claim. 


potentia,  -ae  [poiens, powerful], 

f .,  power. 
potestas,  -tatis  [potis,  abW],  f., 

power. 
potior,   -Irl,    -itus   sum    [potis, 

able],  to  obtain,  get  possession. 
prae,  prep,  with  abl.,  before,  in 

front  of. 
praebeo,  -ere,  -uT,  -itus  [prae  -f 

habeo],  to  hold  out,  offer. 
praeceptor,    -oris    [praeeipiS], 

m,,  teacher. 
praeceptum,  -i  [praecipio],  n., 

maxim,  direction. 
praeeido,   -cidere,  -cidi,  -cisus 

[prae  -|-  caedo],  to  cut  off. 
praecipio,  -cipere,  -cepT,  -ceptus 

[prae  4-  capio],     to     direct; 

teach. 
praecipue      [praecipuus,     emi- 
nent], adv.,  especially. 
praeclarus,  -a,  -um  [prae  -f-  cla- 

rus],  adj.,  excellent,  illustrious. 
praeco,  -5nis,  m.,  a  crier,  her- 
ald. 
praeda,  -ae,  f.,  booty,  spoil. 
praedicatio,  -onis  [praedicd,  to 

announce],  f.,  proclamation. 
I  praedico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [prae 

+  dico],  proclaim. 
I  praedico,  -dicere,  -dIxT,  -dictus 

[prae  -|-  dico],  to    say  before- 
hand; warn. 
!  praedo,     -onis     [praeda],     m., 

robber. 
I  praefero,    -ferre,    -tull,    -latus 
;      [prae4-fer6],  to  bear  before; 

prefer. 


100 


VOCABULATJY. 


praeferox,  -ocis  [prae  +  ferox, 

wild],  adj.,  violent.,  insolent. 
praefor,  -fan,  -fatus  sum  [prae 

4-  for,  to  speak],  to  say  before. 
praemium,  -i   [prae  +  emo,    to 

take  (buy)'],  n.,  reward,  prize. 
praesens,  -entis  [prae sum],  adj., 

present,  in  person. 
praeter  [prae],  prep,  with  ace, 

against,  contrary  to;  besides, 

beyond. 
praetereo,  -Tre,  -ivT    (-ii),  -itus 

[praeter  +  eo],  to  go  beyond, 

pass  by. 
praeteritiis,  -a,  -um  [perf.  part. 

of  praetereo],    adj.,  past,    de- 
parted. 
praetor,  -oris  [prae  +  eo],  m., 

leader;  praetor,  a  magistrate 

at  Rome. 
praetorius,   -a,  -um    [praetor], 

adj.,  praetorian. 
praevenio,  -venire,  -vein,  -ven- 

tus    [prae  +  venio],    to  come 

before,  anticipate;  overtake. 
pravus,  -a,   -um,  adj.,  crooked, 

wrong. 
precor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [prex], 

to  ask,  beg. 
prehendo    [prendo],   -ere,   -di, 

-hensus,  to  seize,  catch. 
pretiosus,    -a,    -um     [pretlura, 

p)rice~\,  adj.,  costly, precious. 
(prex),   precis,    f.,   prayer,  en- 
treaty. 
prideni,  ad\.,  formerly,  long  ago. 
pridie    [root  of    prior  -f  di6s], 

adv.,  on  the  day  before. 


primo  [primus],  adv.,  at  first, 
first. 

priinum  [primus],  adv.,  at  first ; 
ut  primum,  as  soon  as. 

primus,  -a,  -um,  super,  of  prior, 
2^,6.].,  first,  foremost. 

princeps, -ipis  [primus  -f-  capio] 
?id}.,  foremost,  chief.  Assubst., 
chief,  emperor. 

prior,  prius,  gen.  -oris,  adj. 
comp.,  former,  first. 

priusquaiii  [prius,  sooner  + 
quam],  conj.,  sooner  than, 
before.  [yately. 

privatim  [privatus],  adv.,  pri- 

privatus,  -a,  -um  [privo],  adj. 
private,  in  private  life. 

privo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  to  de- 
prive, rob. 

pro,  prep,  with  abl.,  for;  in- 
stead of;  in  behalf  of;  in  pro- 
portion to ;  in  front  of 

proavus,  -i  [pro  -f-  avus],  m., 
great-grandfather. 

procedo,  -cedere,    -cessT,    

[pro  -I-  cedo],  to  go  fonoard, 
advance. 

proclamo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [pro 
-I-  clamo],  to  call,  cry  out. 

procul,  adv.,  far,  afar. 

procumbo,  -cumbere,  -cubuT, 
-cubitus  [pro  -f  *cuinbo,  to 
recline],  to  fall  forward,  fall 
prostrate. 

proditio,-onis  [prodo,  to  betray], 
i.,  treason. 

proelior,  -arl,  -atus  sum  [proe- 
lium],  to  fight. 


VOCABULARY. 


101 


proelinm,  -i,  n.,  battle. 
profecto  [pro  +  factum,  deed], 

adv.,  indeed,  really. 
profei-o,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus  [pro 

+  fero],  to  produce,  put  forth. 
proficiscor,  -ficiscT,  -fectus  sura 

[inch,  of  proficio],  to  set  out, 

depart. 
profligo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus.[pr6  + 

fiigo,  to  strike'],  to  overthrow, 

ruin. 
profugio,  -fugere,  -fugT, [pro 

+  fugio],  to  flee,  take  refuge. 
profugus,   -a,   -um    [profugio], 

2iA\.,  fugitive. 
profuudo,  -fundere,  -fudl,  -fiisus 

[pro  +  fundo],  to   pour  out, 

squander. 
prohibeo,   -ere,  -uT,  -itus   [pro 

+  habeo],   to  hinder,   check; 

prevent. 
proicio,    -icere,     -ieci,     -iectus 

[pro  +  iacio],   to  throw  for- 
ward, throw. 
proinde    [pro   +   inde],    adv., 

therefore,  accordingly. 
promineo,  -ere,  -ui,  to  project, 

lean  out. 
promissum,    -i     [prOmitto,     to 

promise],  n.,  promise;    stare 

pr5miss5,  to  keep  a  promise. 
pronepos,  -otis  [pro  +  nepos], 

m.,  great-grandson. 
pronuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [pro 
+  ntintio],     to    declare,    an- 
nounce. 
prope  [pro],  adv.,  near,  nearly, 

almost. 


proper©,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [pro- 
perus,  quick],  to  hasten. 

propinquus,  -a,  -um  [prope], 
adv.,  near,  neighboring.  As 
subst.,  relation,  relative 

propono,  -p5nere,  -posuT,  -posi- 
I  tus  [pro  -f  pono] ,  to  put  forth  ; 
I     propose. 

I  propositum,   -T   [prOpono],   n., 
'     plan,  design. 

j  proscribo,     -scrlbere,     -scripsi, 
I      -scriptus  [pro  -f-  scrib5] ,  to  pub- 
lish ;  outlaw,  proscribe. 

proscriptio,  -onis  [proscribo], 
i. ,  proscription,  confiscation. 

prosequor,  -sequT,  -seciitus  sum 
[pro  +  sequor],  to  accompany, 
attend. 

prosilio,  -ire,  -ui,  [pro  + 

salio,  to  leap],  to  leap  forward, 
hasten. 

prosum,  prodesse,  profui  [pr5 
-f  sum],  to  benefit,  profit. 

protlnus,  adv.,  right  on,  on- 
ward. 

proveho,  -vehere,  -vexi,  -vectus 
[pro  +  veho],  to  carry  for- 
ward, bear  on. 

provincia,  -ae  [pr5  -f-  vinco], 
f.,  province. 

proxime  [proximus],adv.,  near 
est,  next. 

proximus,  -a,  -um  [prope], 
super,  adj.,  nearest,  next-; 
proximT,  bystanders. 

psittacus,  -1  [Greek  word],  m., 
parrot. 

Ptolemaeus,  -i,  m.,  Ptolemy. 


102 


VOCABULARY. 


publico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [publi- 

cus],  to  make  public^  publish, 

open  to  the  public. 
publicus,-a, -um  [popuhis],  adj., 

public,  common. 
puer,  -en,  m.,  boy  ;  slave. 
puerilis,  -e  [puer],  adj.,  boyish, 

youthful. 
pugio,  -onis,  m,,  dagger. 
pagno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ptigna, 

fighf],  to  fight. 
pulcher,    -chra,    -chrum,    adj., 

fair,  fine,  beautiful ;  illustrious, 

glorious. 
pung5,   -ere,   pupugl,    punctus, 

to  sting,  torment. 
Panicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Punic, 

Carthaginian. 
punio,   -Ire,  -Ivi,    -itus    [poena, 

fine'],  to  punish. 
puto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,   to  con- 
sider, think. 


Q. 

Q.,  abbr.  of  Quintus,  a  Roman 
forename  (praenomen). 

quadragesimiis,  -a,  -um  [qua- 
draginta] ,  adj .,  fortieth. 

quadraginta  [quattuor],  num. 
adj.,  forty. 

quaero,  -ere,  quaesTvi,  quaesitus, 
to  seek,  look  for. 

quaestor,  -oris  [quaesitor,  from 
quaero],  m.,  quaestor,  treas- 
urer, paymaster. 

quaestara,  -ae  [quaestor],  f., 
quaestorship. 


quain  [qui],  adv.,  how;  than, 
rather  than;  except.  With 
superlative,  possible ;  quam 
prlmum,  as  soon  as  possible; 
quam  diu,  as  long  as. 

quamquam,  conj.,  although; 
however. 

quamvis,  adv.  and  conj.,  al- 
though  ;  however  much. 

quantum  [quantus],  adv.,  as 
much  as. 

quantus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  how 
great  ?  how  much  9  Gen.  of 
value,  quantl,  at  how  much  f 
at  what  price  ? 

quare  [qua  +  r6],  adv.,  6?/ reason 
of  which,  wherefore,  so  that. 

quartanus,  -a,  -um  [quartus], 
adj.,  of  the  fourth.  As  subst., 
quartana,  -ae,  f.  [sc.  febris, 
fever],  quartan  fever. 

quartus,  -a,  -um,  2id}.,  fourth. 

quasi  [qua  -\-  si],  conj.  and  adv., 
as  if,  as  though  ;  about,  nearly. 

quater  [cf.  quattuor],  adv.,  four 
times. 

quattuor,  num.  adj., /oitr. 

-que,  enclitic,  conj.,  and. 

queror,  -i,  questus  sum,  to  com- 
plain, lament. 

qui,  quae,  quod,  gen.  cdius,  rel. 
and  adj.  pro.,  who,  which, 
what,  that. 

quia,  conj.,  because,  since. 

quidam,  quaedam,  qulddam 
(quoddam),  indef.  pro.  and 
adj.,  somebody,  something;  a 
certain ;  some. 


VOCABULARY. 


103 


quidem  [qui],  adv.,  indeed,  at 

least;    ne   .    .   .  quidem,  not 

even. 
quietus,  -a,  -um  [per.  part,  of 

quiesco,  to  grow  quief^,  adj., 

quiety  peaceful. 
quin  [qui  +  ne],  conj.,  why  not  ? 

hut  that;  quin  etiam  (et) ,  ?ia?/, 

moreover. 
Quinctilius,  -a,  the  name  of  a 

Roman  gens. 

P.    Quinctilius    Varus   was 

defeated  in  Germany  a.d.  9. 
quinquaginta  [quinque],  num. 

did].,  fifty- 

quinque,  num.  adj.,  five. 
quinquenuium,   -i    [qumque  + 

annus],   n.,    a  period  of  five 

years. 
quinquiens  [quinque],  adv. ,  five 

times  ;  for  a  fifth  time. 
quintus,  -a,  -um  [quinque],  num. 

adj.,  fifth. 
Quintus,  -1,  m.,  a  Roman  fore- 
name (praenomen). 
quis?  quid?  gen.  cuius?    inter. 

pro.,  who  ?  which  f  what  9 
quis,  qua,  quid,  gen.  cuius,  indef . 

pro.,  anyone,  anything. 
quisnam,    quaenam,    quidnam, 

gen.  cuiusnam,  inter,  pro.,  who 

then  ?  ivho,  pray  ? 
quisquam, ,  quicquam,  gen. 

cuiusquam,  indef.  pro.,  anyone, 

anything. 
quisque,  quaeque,  quid-  (quod-) 

que,  gen.  cuiusque,  indef.  pro. 

and  adj.,  each,  every. 


j  quo  [qui],  adv.,  whither,  where ; 

!      by  as  much  as. 

\  quod  [qui],  conj.,  because,  that, 

in  that ;  quod  si,  but  if. 
quondam,  adv. ,  at  some  time, 

once,  fonnerly. 
quoque,  conj.,  also,  too. 
quorsum,  and  quorsus  [qu5  + 
versus],  adv.,  to  what  place  9 
whither  f 
quotannis  [quot,  how  many  ■{■ 
annus],  adv.,  annually,  every 
year. 

R. 

rapio,  -ere,  -ui,  -tus,  to  snatch, 
drag  ;  hurry  ;  pillage. 

raro  [rSrus],  adv.,  seldom, 
rarely. 

rarus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  rare,  scanty. 

re-,  red-,  inseparable  prefix, 
again,  back. 

rebello,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re  -f 
bell5],  to  renew  war,  rebel. 

recedo,  -c6dere,  -cessi,  -cessus 
[re  +  cedo],  to  retire,  go  back. 

recessus,  -us  [rec6do],m.,  nook, 
corner. 

recipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptus 
[re  -f  capio],  to  take  back,  re- 
ceive, recover;  se  recipere,  to 
retreat,  return. 

reconcilio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re  -1- 
concilio,  to  win"],  to  regain; 
reconcile;  restore. 

recreS,  -are,  -avr,  -atus  [re  + 
creo],  to  make  aneic ;  encour- 
age. 


104 


VOCABULARY. 


reddo,  -ere,  -didi,  -itus  [red  + 
do],  to  give  back,  restore;  de- 
liver. 

redeo,  -ire,  -ivi  (-ii),  -itus  [red 
+  eo],  to  return,  go  hack. 

redigo,  -igere,  -egi,  -actus  [red 
+  ago],  to  drive  back;  reduce, 
bring  into. 

redimo,  -imere,  -emi,  -einptus 
[red  4- emo,  to  take'],  to  take 
back,  redeem,  ransom. 

reditus,  -us  [redeo],  m.,  re- 
turn. 

refero,  -ferre,  rettuli,  relatus  [re 
+  fero],  to  carry  back,  bring ; 
relate;  se  referre,  to  betake 
oneself. 

refoveo,  -fovere,  -f5vi,  -fotus 
[re  -f  f oveo] ,  to  warm  again  ; 
revive,  stir  up. 

regalis,  -e  [rex],  adj.,  royal, 
regal. 

regfna,  -ae  [r6x],  f.,  queen. 

regio,  -5nis,  f.,  region,  district; 
direction. 

regius,  -a,  -urn  [rex],  adj.,  king- 
ly, royal. 

regno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [regnum], 
to  rule,  be  king. 

regnum,  -i,  n.,  kingdom,  do- 
minion, sovereignty. 

regredior,  -gredi,  -gressus  sum 
[re  +  gradior,  to  move],  to  go 
back,  return. 

reicio,  -icere,  -iecT,  -iectus  [re 
+  iacio],  to  throw  back,  repel. 

religo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re  + 
ligo,  to  bind] ,  to  bind,  fasten. 


relinquo,  -linquere,  -llqui,  -lic- 
tus  [re  -I-  linquo,  to  leave],  to 
leave. 

reliquiae,  -arum  [cf.  relinquo], 
f.  pi.,  remnant. 

reliquus,  -a,  -um  [cf.  relinquo], 
adj.,  remaining,  rest. 

remaneo,  -ere,  -mansT, [re 

+  maneo],  to  remain,  stay  be- 
hind. 

remitto,  -mittere,  -misT,  -missus 
[re -f- mitto],  to  send  back; 
give  up. 

renantio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re  -\- 
niinti5],  to  bring  back  word; 
declare;  appoint. 

renuo,  -nuere,  -nui,  [re  + 

*nuo,  to  nod],  to  nod  back- 
ward; hence  to  refuse,  deny. 

reor,  reri,  ratus  sum,  to  think, 
suppose. 

repello,  -pellere,  -puli,  -pulsus 
[re  -f  pello],  to  reject. 

repentinus,  -a,  -um  [repens, 
sudden],  adj.,  sudden,  unex- 
pected. 

reperio,  -ire,  repperi,  repertus, 
to  find. 

repeto,  -ere,  -ivi,  -itus  [re-)-pet6], 
to  seek  again;  demand  back. 

repono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -positus 
[re-f  p5n6],  to  put  back,  re- 
place. 

repudio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [repu- 
dium,  divorce],  to  cast  off,  re- 
pudiate. 

repugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re  -|- 
.pugno],  to  oppose,  resist. 


VOCABULARY. 


105 


repulsa,  -ae  [repello],  f.,  re- 
pulse ;  defeat  at  the  polls. 

reputo,  -are,  -avi,  -at us  [re  -\- 
puto],  to  meditate,  reflect  on. 

res,  rel,  f.,  thing;  affair;  pos- 
sessions ;  res  publica,  the  com- 
monwealth^ state;  res  famili- 
aris,  property,  estate. 

resisto,  -sistere,  -stiti,  [re 

+  sisto],  to  resist,  oppose. 

resolvo,  -solvere,  -solvi,  -solutus 
[re  -f  solvo,  to  loosen^,  to  dis- 
solve. 

respicio,  -spicere,  -spexl,  -spec- 
tus  [re  +  *speci6,  to  look},  to 
look  at. 

respondeo,  -spondere,  -spondi, 
-sponsus  [re  -f-  spondeo],  to 
answer,  respond. 

restlnguo,  -stinguere,  -stinxi, 
-stinctus  [re  4-  stinguo,  to 
quench},  to  extinguish. 

restituo,  -stituere,  -stituT,  -sti- 
tutus  [re  +  statuo],  to  rebuild, 
restore,  reneic. 

retineo,  -tinere,  -tinui,  -tentus 
[re -I- tene5] ,  to  retain,  pre- 
serve. 

retraho,  -trahere,  -traxT,  -trac- 
tus  [re -f  traho,  to  drag},  to 
drag  back. 

reus,  -i,  m.,  defendant,  accused. 

reverter,  -vertT,  act.  perf.,  -verti 
(dep.,  -versus  sum)  [re  -f 
verto],  to  return. 

revoco,  -vocare,  -vocavT,  -voca- 
tus  [re  +  voco],  to  recall. 

rex,  regis,  m.,  king. 


Rhenus,  -I,  m.,  the  Bhine  Eiver. 

rhetor,  -oris  [Greek  word],  m., 
teacher  of  oratory,  orator. 

Rhodus,  -1,  f.,  the  island  of 
Bhodes. 

rideo,  -ere,  risi,  risus,  to  laugh, 
smile. 

risus,  -us  [rideoj,  m.,  laughter. 

rogo,  -are,  -avI,  -atus,  to  ask, 
inquire. 

Roma,  -ae,  f.,  Home. 

Romanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Boman. 

Roscius,  a,  the  name  of  a 
Roman  gens.  Sext.  Boscius 
was  defended  by  Cicero  against 
a  charge  of  murder. 

rostrum,  -i  [rodo,  to  gnaw},  n., 
beak  (of  a  ship).  Rostra, 
-orum,  pi.,  a  speaker's  plat- 
form in  the  Forum,  adorned 
with  the  bronze  beaks  of  ships. 

Rubico,  -onis,  m.,  the  Bubicon 
Biver. 

ruina,  -ae  [ruo],  f.,  downfall. 

rumpo,  -ere,  riipT,  ruptus,  to 
break,  burst;  destroy. 

ruo,  mere,  ruT,  ruittirus,  to  fall ; 
rush,  hasten. 

rSrsus  or  rnrsum  [contr.  from 
revorsus],  adv.,  again;  once 
more. 

rfis,  ruris,  n.,  the  country;  pi., 
fields;  estate. 


saepe,  adv.,  often. 
saevio,  -Ire,  -ii,  -itus  [saevus]^ 
to  rage  ;  show  cruelty. 


106 


VOCABULARY. 


saevus,    -a,    -urn,    adj.,    fierce^ 

cruel. 
sagino,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [sagina, 

food],  to  fatten. 
sagulum,   -i    [dim.    of    sagum, 

cloak'].,    n.,    military    cloak; 

used  by  travelers  also. 
Salernitanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of 

Saleriium,   a  town    in    Cam- 
pania. 
saltus,  -us  [salio,  to  leap],  m., 

jumping,  leaping. 
salus,  -litis,  f.,  health;  safety. 
salutatio,     -onis     [salHto],    f., 

salutation. 
salutator,    -oris    [salQto],    m., 

saluter  ;  courtier.  j 

saluto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [salus],  | 

to  greet.,  salute. 
sapiens,    -entis    [sapio,    to    he 

wise].,  adj.,  wise,  sensible. 
satis,  n.  indec.  adj.,  enoMg'^.    As 

adv.,  enough,  sufficiently, 
saucius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  wounded. 
sceliis,  -eris,  n.,  crime,  wicked- 
ness. 
schola,    -ae    [Greek  word],   f., 

school. 
scio,  scire,  scivi,  scitus,  to  know, 

understand. 
Scipio,  -onis,  m.,  the  name  of  a 

famous  Roman  family. 

The  Scipio  defeated  in  Africa 

by  Caesar  was  adopted  by  Me- 

tellus,  and  is  sometimes  known 

by  that  name. 
scribo,  scribere,  scrips!,  scriptun, 

to  write. 


scrinium,  -I,  n.,  box;  desk. 
Scultenna,    -ae,    f.,    the    Scul- 

tenna  Biver,  in  northern  Italy. 
scatum,  -1,  n.,  shield. 
se,  ace.  and  abl.  of  sui. 
se-  (sed-),  in  composition  usually 

means  apart,  aivay  from. 
secedo,  -cedere,    -cessi,    -cessus 

[se  -I-  cedo],  to  separate,  retire. 
sector,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [freq.  of 

sequor],  to  attend,  follow  after ; 

seek. 
secundus,  -a,  -um  [sequor],  adj., 

following  ;  second. 
sed,  conj.,  but. 

sedeo,  -ere,  sedi,  sessum,  to  sit. 
seditio,   -onis    [sed    -f-    e5],  f., 

mutiny;  tumult. 
segiiiter    [segnis,    slow],   adv., 

sluggishly,  without  spirit. 
segnius,  see  segniter. 
sella,  -ae,  f.,  chair,  seat. 
semel,  adv.,  once. 
semet    [se    +    met],    emphatic 

form  of  se. 
semper,  adv.,  always,  continu- 
ally. 
senator,  -oris  [senex],  m.,  sena- 
tor. 
senatorius,   -a,   -um   [senator], 

adj.,  senatorial. 
senatus,  -us  [senex],  m.,  senate ; 

meeting  of  the  senate. 
Seneca,  -ae,  m.,  a  Roman  family 

name. 
L.  Annaeus   Seneca  was  a 

philosophical  writer,  a.d.  5-65. 
senex,  senis,  adj.,  old. 


VOCABULARY. 


107 


sententia,  -ae  [cf.  sentioj,  f., 
opinion,  judgment,  purpose, 
wish. 

sentio,  -ire,  sensi,  sensus,  to  feel, 
perceive. 

separatim  [se-paro,  to  sever], 
adv.,  separately. 

Septimus,  -a,  -um  [septein, 
seven],  adj.,  seventh. 

septuagesimus,  -a,  -um  [septua- 
ginta,  seventy'],  adj.,  seventieth. 

sepultura,  -ae  [sepelio,  to  bury], 
i.,  burial. 

sequor,  sequi,  secutus  sura,  to 
folloiv,  pursue. 

Sergius,  -a,  the  name  of  a  Ro- 
man gens.     See  Catllina. 

serio  [serius,  earnest],  adv.,  ser- 
iously, in  earnest. 

sermo,  -onis,  m.,  conversation, 
discussion. 

Sertorius,  -a,  the  name  of  a 
Roman  gens.  Q.  Sertorius,  a 
general  who  established  an  in- 
dependent rule  in  Spain  b.c. 
82-72. 

servo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  to  save, 
preserve. 

servus,  -I,  m.,  slave,  servant. 

sestertius,  -T  [semis,  half  -\-  ter- 
tius],  m.,  sesterce,  a  small  sil- 
ver coin,  the  common  unit  of 
value,  worth  about  4.1  cents. 

seu,  see  sive. 

severe  [sever us,  strict],  adv., 
rigidly,  strictly. 

Sex.,  abbr.  for  Sextus,  a  Roman 
forename  {praenomen). 


sexaginta  [sex,  six],  num.  adj., 
sixty. 

Sextilis,  -e  [sextus],  adj.,  of  the 
sixth  month,  i.e.  August. 

sextus,  -a, -um  [sex,  six],  adj., 
sixth. 

si,  conj.,  if,  whether. 

sic,  adv.,  thus,  so. 

sicco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [siccus, 
dry],  to  dry,  drain. 

Sicilia,  -ae,  f .,  Sicily. 

Siculus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Sicilian. 

significo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [sig- 
uum  4-  facio],  to  show,  make 
known;  signify. 

signo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [sTgnum], 
to  mark,  sign. 

signum,  -!,  n.,  mark,  sign;  en- 
sign ;  signa  inferre,  to  charge  ; 
sub  signls,  under  arms. 

simllis,  -e,  adj.,  like,  similar. 

similiter  [similis],  adv.,  like- 
wise, in  like  manner. 

simul,  adv.,  at  the  same  time; 
simul  atque  (ac),  as  soon  as. 

simulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [similis], 
to  imitate;  pretend,  simulate. 

simultas,  -tatis  [simul],  f.,  riv- 
alry, enmity. 

sine,  prep,  with  abl.,  without. 

singularis,  -e  [singuli],  adj., 
solitary;  singular,  wonderful. 

singuli,  -ae,  -a,  adj.,  one  at  a 
time,  single. 

sinister,  -tra,  -trum,  adj.,  on  the 
left  hand,  left. 

sisto,  sistere,  stitT,  status  [red. 
form  of  sto],  to  set,  place. 


108 


VOCABULARY. 


situs,  -a,  -um  [sino,  tojix'],  adj., 
placed,  set,  situated. 

sive  or  seu,  conj.,  or  if,  ichether  ; 
sive  (seu)  .  .  .  sive  (seu), 
whether  .  .  .  or. 

sobriiis,  -a,  -um  [se  +  ebrius, 
drunk'],  adj.,  sober. 

socer,  -eii,  ra.,  father-in-law. 

societas,  -tatis  [socius],  f.  alli- 
ance; society. 

socius,  -1,  m.,  partner,  ally. 

sol,  s51is,  m.,  the  sun. 

soleo,  -ere,  -itus  sura,  to  be  ac- 
customed. 

solitutn,  -1  [sole5],  n.,  custom. 

solitus,  -a,  -um  [soleoj,  adj., 
accustomed,  usual. 

solium,  -1,  n.,  throne. 

soUicito,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  to  dis- 
turb, rouse;  incite. 

solum,  adv.,  only,  merely. 

solus,  -a,  -um,  gen.  solius,  adj., 
alone,  single,  sole. 

somnus,  -i,  m.,  sleep. 

soror,  -oris,  f.,  sister. 

sors,  sortis,  f .,  lot,  fate,  destiny. 

sortior,  -iri,  -itus  sum  [sors],  to 
cast  lots;  assign  or  obtain  by 
lot. 

spatium,  -i,  n.,  space,  room; 
space  of  time. 

species,  (-ei),  f.,  appearance; 
pretense. 

specto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 
*specio,  to  look],  to  look  at, 
loatch. 

speculum,  -T,  n.,  mirror. 

spes,  -e!,  f.,  hope,  expectation. 


splendor,  -oris  [splendeo,  to 
shine], m.,  brightness,  splendor. 

spolio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [spolium, 
spoil],  to  strip,  despoil. 

spoiideo,  -ere,  spopondi,  spon- 
sus,  to  promise,  vow. 

(spons,  spontis),  f.,  found  only 
in  abl.  sing. ;  sponte,  volunta- 
rily, by  one^s  own  power ;  sua 
sponte,  of  his  own  accord. 

Spurinna,  -ae,  m.,  Spurinna, 
the  sootlisayer  who  warned 
Caesar. 

statim  [sto],  adv.,  at  once, 
straightway. 

statuo,  -ere,  -uT,  -titus  [status], 
to  cause  to  stand;  determine, 
resolve. 

statara,  -ae  [sto],  f.,  height. 

status,  -us  [sto],  m.,  station, 
place,  condition. 

S then i us,  -i,  m.,  Sthenius,  a 
Sicilian  chief. 

stipendium,  -i  [stips,  small  coin 
-f  pendeo,  to  weigh,  pay],  n., 
tribute  ;  pay  ;  campaign. 

stirps,  -is,  f.,  stock  ;  race,  family. 

sto,  stare,  stetT,  status,  to  stand, 
stand  firm;  abide  by. 

stragulum,  -I,  n.,  a  spread,  bed- 
covering. 

strepitus,  -us  [strepo,  to  make 
a  noise],  m.,  noise;  applause. 

stringo,  stringere,  strinxi,  stric- 
tus,  to  strip ;  unsheathe,  draw 
(a  sword). 

studeo,  -ere,  -uT, ,  to  give 

attention  to,  favor ;  strive  for. 


VOCABULARY. 


109 


studiose  [studiosus,  zealous'], 
adv.,  eagerly. 

studium,  -1  [cf.  studeo],  n., 
zeal ;  study,  pursuit ;  goodwill. 

suadeo,  -ere,  suasi,  suasus,  to 
advise,  persuade,  urge. 

sub,  prep,  with  ace.  or  abl.,  under. 

subdnco,  -ducere,  -duxT,  -ductus 
[sub  +  duco],  to  draw  away ; 
se  subducere,  to  withdraw, 
steal  away.  vv 

subeo,  -ire,  -ivi  (-il),  -itus  [sub 
-f  e5],  to  go  under,  support; 
encounter  ;  take  effect. 

subigo,  -igere,  -egl,  -actus  [sub 
-I-  ag5],  to  drive  under ;  con- 
quer, subdue. 

subitus,  -a,  -um  [subeo],  adj., 
sudden,  unexpected. 

sublatus,  see  tollo. 

submitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -mis- 
sus [sub  +  mitto],  to  let  down  ; 
let  grow. 

subsequor,  -sequT,  -secutus  sum 
[sub  +  sequor],  to  follow. 

subsisto,    -sistere,    -stiti,    

[sub  +  sisto],  to  stand,  remain. 

substituo,  -stituere,  -stituT,  -sti- 
tutus  [sub  +  statuoj,  to  sub- 
stitute. 

subtexo,    -texere,  -texui,  , 

to  weave  in  ;  add. 

successor,  -oris  [succedo,  to 
follow], m.,folloicer,  successor. 

succSssus,  -us  [succedo,  to  fol- 
low], m.,  success. 

succlamo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [sub 
+  clamo],  to  shout  in  answer. 


suffigo,  -figere,  -fixi,  -fixus  [sub 
-ffigo,  toflx],  to  attach;  cruel 
suffigere,  to  crucify. 

suffodio,  -fodere,  -fodi,  -fossus 
[sub -h  fodio],  to  dig  under; 
stab  {from  below). 

suffragator,  -oris  [suffragor,  to 
vote],  m.,  favorer,  supporter. 

Sulla,  -ae,  m.,  Sulla,  a  Roman 
family  name. 

L.    Cornelius    Sulla    made 
himself  master  of  Rome  b.c.  82. 

SuUanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Sulla. 
Sullani,  partisans  of  Sulla. 

sui  (gen.),  sibi,  se,  reflex,  pron., 
himself,  herself,  itself,  them- 
selves. 

sum,  esse,  ful,  futiirus,  to  be. 

summa,  -ae  [summus],  f.,  top; 
sum. 

summus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  super,  of 
superus,  highest,  greatest, 
chief. 

sumo,  sGmere,  sumpsi,  siimptus 
[sub  -j-  em5,  to  take  (buy)],  to 
take;  assume. 

snmptuarius,  -a,  -um  [siimptus, 
cost],  adj.,  sumptuary;  lex 
sumptuaria,  a  law  against  ex- 
travagance. 

supellex,  -lectilis,  f .,  furniture. 

super,  prep,  with  ace.  and  abl. , 
over,  upon,  beyond. 

superior,  -ius,  gen.  -oris,  adj. 
comp.  of  superus,  higher,  su- 
perior. 

supero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [supe- 
rus], to  overcome,  subdue. 


110 


VOCABULARY. 


supersiim,  -esse,  -fui  [supers- 
sum],  to  be  left,  survive. 
superus,  -a,  -um  [super],  adj., 

uppei\  above. 
supervenio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ven- 

tus   [super  +  veuio] ,  to  come 

up,  happen  upon. 
super  vivo,    -vivere,  -vixi,  

[super  -f  vivo],  to  survive,  out- 
live. 
suppliciter  [supplex,  suppliant] , 

adv.,  suppliantly ,  humbly. 
supplicium,   -i    [supplex],    n., 

supplication ;   execution,  pun- 
ishment. 
supremus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  super. 

of    superus,    highest,    chief; 

last. 
surgo,    surgere,    surrexi,    

[sub  -f  rego,    to    direct],    to 

arise,  rise. 
suscipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptus 

[sub  +  capio],  to  take,  receive; 

take  upon  oneself. 
saspicio,   -ere,   -spexi,    -spectus 

[sub -f  *specio,    to    look],    to 

suspect. 
sustineo,  -tinere,  -tiuui,  -teutus 

[sub   +  teneo],    to    support; 

bear,  endure. 
sustuli,  see  tollo. 
sator,     -oris,     m.,     shoemaker, 

cobbler. 
suus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  his,  hers,  its, 

theirs  ;  his  own,  her  own,  etc. ; 

sui,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  one's  fol- 

lowers,  friends. 
Syria,  -ae,  f.,  Syria. 


T.,  abbr.  of  Titus,  a  Roman  fore- 
name {praenomen). 
tabella,   -ae,  f.,   small    board; 

tablet. 
tabernaculum,      -i     [taberna, 

cabin],  n.,  tent. 
taedium,  -i  [taedet,  it  disgusts], 

n.,  weariness,  disgust. 
talentum,  -i  [Greek  word],  n., 
talent,   a    sum    of    money  of 
varying  value  ;  probably  about 
$1000. 
talis,  -e,  adj.,  such. 
tarn,  adv. ,  so,  so  much  ;  tam  .  .  . 

quam,  both  .  .  .  and. 
tamen,   conj.,  nevertheless,  yet, 

however. 

I  tamquain,  conj.,  as  if,  as  though. 

tandem,  adv.,  at  length,  finally. 

tantopere  [tantus  -f  opus],  adv., 

I     so  greatly. 

tantum     [tantus],    adv.,    only, 

merely. 
tantus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  so  great, 

such ;  so  much. 
.  tardo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [tardus], 

to  delay,  impede. 
I  tardus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  slow  ;  late. 
tego,    tegere,    texi,    tectus,    to 
I      cover;  defend,  guard. 
I  telum,  -T,  n.,  dart ;  pike. 
I  temperans,  -antis  [tempero,  be 
moderate] ,  ad j . ,  moderate,  self- 
controlled  ;  sparing  of. 
'  teinpestas,   -tatis  [tempus],  f., 
i     time,  season  ;  storm,  tempest. 


VOCABULARY. 


Ill 


templum,  -i,  n.,  temple. 

teinpto  (ten to),  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[inteiis.  of  tendo],  to  touch, 
handle;  try. 

tempus,  -oris,  n.,  time,  season. 

tendo,  -ere,  tetendi,  tentus  (ten- 
sus),  to  stretch;  lay  a  snare. 

tenebrae,  -arum,  t -pi.,  darkness. 

teneo,   tenere,   tenuT,    ,   to 

hold,  grasp;  keep. 

tentorium,  -T,  ii.,  tent. 

ter,  adv.,  three  times. 

Terentius,  -a,  the  name  of  a 
Roman  gens. 

An  officer  of  this  name  at- 
tempted to  assassinate  the 
father  of  Pompey. 

tergum,  -i,  n.,  hack,  rear. 

terra,  -ae,  f.,  the  earth;  land, 
country. 

terreo,  -ere,  -uT,  -itus,  to  terrify. 

terribilis,  -e  [terreo],  adj.,  ter- 
rible, dreadful. 

terror,  -oris  [terre5],  m,,  terror, 
fear. 

tertius,  -a,  -um  [cf.  ter,  tres], 
adj.,  third ;  tertio,  in  the  third 
place,  the  third  time. 

testimonium,  -i  [testis,  a  wit- 
ness'], n.,  evidence,  testimony. 

testor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [testis,  a 
witness],  to  testify,  bear  wit- 
ness. 

Thessalia,  -ae,  f.,  Thessaly,  a 
large  district  in  northeastern 
Greece. 

Ti.,  the  abbr.  of  Tiberius,  a  Ro- 
man forename  (praenomen). 


Tiberis,  -is,  m.,  the  Tiber  Biver^ 
Tigranes,    -is,    m.,    Tigrd'nes, 

king  of  Armenia. 
timeo,   -ere,  -ui,  ,  to  fear, 

be  afraid. 
titulus,  -i,  m,,  title,  superscrip- 
tion; placard. 
toga,  -ae  [cf.  tego],  f.,  toga,  the 

outer  robe  of  Roman  men. 
tollo,  tollere,   sustuli,  sublatus, 

to    lift,    raise;    remove,     de- 
stroy. 
tonsor,  -oris  [tondeo,   to   cut], 

m.,  barber. 
Toranius,   -a,  the  name    of    a 

Roman  gens. 

T.    Toranius  betrayed    his 

father  to  his  murderers  b.c.  43. 
torqueo,  -ere,  torsi,  tortus,   to 

twist;  torture. 
totidem  [tot,  so  many  +  -dem], 

adv.,  so  many,  just  so  many ; 

the  same  number  of. 
totus,  -a,  -um,  gen.  totius,  adj., 

all,  the  whole. 
trado,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus  [trans 

+  *do,  to  place],  to  hand  over, 

hand  down  ;  relate. 
traicio,     -icere,     -iecT,     -iectus 

[trans  +  iacio],    to    throw    or 

lead    across;    transfix;    pass 

over,  cross  over. 
trano,  -nare,  -navT,  [trans  +  no], 

to  swim  across. 
trans,    prep,    with    ace,    over, 

across. 
transeo,  -ire,  -ivi  (-ii),  -itus,  to 

cross  over,  pass  by. 


112 


VOCABULARY. 


transgredior,    -gredi,    -gressus 

sum  [trans  +  gradior,  to  move], 

to  go  across,  cross. 
transigo,     -igere,    -egi,    -actus 

[trans  +  ago] ,  to  drive  throiigh  ; 

perform;  act;  finish. 
trans  initto,  -mittere,  -misl,  -mis- 
sus  [trans  +  mitto],    to    send 

across  ;  go  across. 
transversus,   -a,  -um    [trans  + 

verto],     adj.,     lying     across, 

transverse  ;  itinera  transversa, 

bye-paths,  side-roads. 
trecenti, -ae,  -a  [tres  4-  centum], 

adj. ,  three  hundred. 
trepidatio,   -5nis    [trepido],  f., 

alarm,  fright. 
trepido,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  he 

alarmed. 
tres,  tria,  adj.,  three. 
tribanal,    -alis    [tribiinus],    n., 

judge'' s  platform.,  tribunal. 
tribanus,  -T  [tribus,  tribe'\,  m,, 

tribune. 
tribuo,  -ere,  -ui,  -utus,  to  assign  ; 

bestow.,  give;  yield. 
triennium,    -i     [tres  +  amnis] , 

n.,  period  of  three  years. 
triginta,  adj.,  thirty. 
triumpho,  -are,   -avI,    -atus,  to 

triumph.,  celebrate  a  triumph. 
triumphus,  -i,  m.,  triumph. 
triumvir,  -virl  [tres  -|-  vir],  m., 

triumvir,  one  of  three  associ- 
ates in  office. 
trucido,    -are,    -avi,    -atus,     to 

slaughter,  butcher. 
truncus,  -i,  m.,  trunk;  body. 


tu,  gen.  tui,  pers.  pro.,  thou,  you. 

tueor,   -eri,   tutus  sum,  to  look 
at;  protect. 

Tullius,  -a,  the  name  of  a  Ro- 
man gens. 

M.   Tidlius  Cicero,  the   fa- 
mous orator.     See  pp.  20-26. 

turn,  adv.,  then  ;  cum  .  .  .  tum, 
both  .  .  .  and. 

tuinultuor,  -arl,  -atus  sum  [tu- 
multus],  to  raise  a  tumult. 

tumultus,    -us    [cf.   tumeo,    to 
sweW]^  m.,  uproar,  tumult. 

tunc,  adv.,  then,  at  that  time. 

turba,  -ae,  f.,  croiod,  confusion. 

turbulentus,   -a,   -um   [turba], 
adj.,  stormy,  confused. 

turdus,  -1,  m.,  thrush. 

turpis,  -e,  adj.,  ugly ;  base. 

tutor,  -arl,  -atus  sum  [intens.  of 
tueor],  to  watch,  defend. 

tutor,  -oris  [tueor],  m.,  watcher, 
protector ;  tutor. 

tutus,  -a,  -um  [tueor],  adj.,  safe, 
protected. 

U. 

ubi,  adv.  andconj.,toAere;  xohen. 
ulciscor,  -i",  ultus  sum,  to  avenge. 
nllus,  -a,  -um,  gen.  ullius,  adj., 

any. 
ulterior,  -ius,  gen.  -oris  [cf.  ul- 

tnl],     adj.,    comp.,     farther; 

worse;    ulterius,    adv.,    to    a 

greater  degree,  more. 
nltimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,   sup.   of 

ulterior,  furthest,  last. 


VOCABULARY. 


lis 


ultra,  adv.,  beyond. 
iiltro,  adv.,  beyond;  voluntarily. 
umbra,  -ae,  f.,  shadow. 
umerus,  -i,  m.,  shoulder. 
umquam,  adv.,  ever. 
unde,  adv.,  whence ;  from  whom. 
undique,   adv.,  from  all  direc- 
tions ;  on  all  sides. 
nniversus,  -a,  -urn  [unus  +  ver- 

to],  adj.,  all  together ;  whole. 
Gnus,  -a,  -um,  gen.  unius,  adj., 

one;  only;  alone. 
urbanus,   -a,  -um  [urbs],  adj., 

of  the  city.,  in  the  city,  often 

referring    to     Rome;    urbani, 

the  citizens. 
urbs,   -is,   f.,   city;    the  city  of 

Borne. 
urinator,  -oris,  m.,  diver. 
Osquam,   adv.,  any  place,  any- 
where. 
usque,    adv.,   right    on;    even; 

usque  ad,  as  far  as  to,  np  to. 
usnrpo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [usus  -f 

rapio],  to  seize  on,  make  use  of.  ''■ 
usus, -us  [utor],  m.,  use  ;  custom.  ' 
ut  or  uti,  conj.  adv.,  when;  as;  \ 

ut  primum,  as  soon  as. 
ut  or  uti,  conj.,  that,  so  that,  in 

order  that.  \ 

uter,  utris,  m.,  leather  bag ;  skin 

bottle. 
uterque,     utraque,     utrumque, 

gen.,utriusque,  adj.,  eacA,  both.  \ 
ntilis,   -e    [utor],   adj.,    useful, 

serviceable. 
utique,    adv.,    certainly;    espe- \ 

dally.  i 


utor,  uti,  usus  sum,  to  use. 
uxor,  -oris,  f.,  toife. 


V. 

vaco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  be  emp- 
ty;  have  time  for. 

valeo,  -ere,  -ul, ,  to  be  strong  ; 

have  power  or  influence. 

Valerius,  -a,  the  name  of  a  Ro- 
man gens. 

C.  Valerius  Catullus,  a  cele- 
brated Roman  poet  of  the  time 
of  Cicero. 

valetudo,  -dinis  [valeo],  f., 
health  (good  or  ill);  ultima 
valetudo,  last  sickness. 

validus,  -a,  -um  [cf.  valeo],  adj., 
strong  ;  powerful. 

vanus,  -a,  -um,  ?id].,void;  vain ; 
false. 

varius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  various, 
changeful. 

Varus,  -1,  m.,  a  Roman  family 
name.     See  Quinctilius. 

vas,  vasis,  n.,  vessel,  dish  ;  vase. 

vastus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  empty; 
huge,  vast. 

vegetus,  -a,  -um  [vegeo,  to 
more],  adj.,  lively,  brisk, 
bright. 

vehementer  [vehemens,  violent^, 
adv.,  earnestly,  seriously. 

veho,  vehere,  vexT,  vectus,  to 
carry. 

vel,  conj.,  or ;  vel  .  .  .  \e[, either 
.  .  .  or. 


114 


VOCABULARY. 


vel,  adv.,  even,  indeed. 

velox,  -ocis,  adj.,  swift. 

venatio,  -onis  [venor,  to  hunt], 
1,  hunting  ;  hunting  spectacle. 

venenum,  -i,  n.,  poison. 

veneratio,  -onis  [veneror,  to 
reverence^,  f.,  reverence,  re- 
spect. 

venia,  -ae,  f.,  favor;  forbear- 
ance, pardon. 

venio,  -ire,  veni,  ventus,  to 
come,  go. 

ventus,  -1,  in.,  wind. 

venustus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  beauti- 
ful, charming. 

verber,  -eris,  n.,  lash,  whip. 

verbum,  -T,  n.,  word. 

verecuiidia,  -ae  [cf.  vereor],  f., 
shame,  modesty. 

vereor,  -eri,  -itus  sum,  to  rever- 
ence ;  fear. 

vero  [verus],  adv.,  truly,  in- 
deed. 

verruca,  -ae,  f.,  wart. 

versiculus,  -i  [dim.  of  versus], 
m.,  short  verse. 

verso,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 
verto],  to  turn  often ;  pass.,  to 
occupy  oneself;  be;  versatus, 
skilled,  learned. 

versus,  -us  [verto],  m.,  line, 
verse. 

verto,  -ere,  -ti,  -sus,  to  turn, 
change;  pass.,  to  return. 

verus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  true,  real. 

vester,  -tra,  -trum,  adj.,  your. 

vestigium,  -T,  n.,  foot-print, 
track. 


j  vestis,  -is,  f.,  clothing,  clothes. 
\  vcteranus,  -a,  -um  [vet us,  old], 
;      adj.,  old,  veteran. 
!  veto,  -are,  vetuT,  vetitus,  to  for- 
\      bid,  prohibit. 
via,  -ae,  f.,  road;  journey. 
vicarius,-a,-um  [^\ic\^,  changed], 
I      adj.,     substituted,     vicarious. 
i      As  subst.,  delegate,  substitute. 
j  vicesimus,    -a,    -um    [vTgintT], 

adj.,  tiventieth. 
j  viciens  [cf.  vTginti],  adv.,  tventy 

times. 
I  victor,  -oris  [vinco],  m.,  victor, 
I      conqueror. 

I  victoria,  -ae  [victor],  f.,  victory. 
vicus,  -T,  in.,  village. 
video,  -ere,  vidT,  visus,  to  see;- 

pass.,  to  seem. 
|vigilantia,    -ae   [vigil,    awake], 

f.,  vigilance. 
viginti,  adj.,  twenty. 
villa,  -ae,  f . ,  country-house,  villa. 
vinco,  -ere,  vicT,  victus,  to  con- 
I      quer,   surpass;  prevail,   have 

07ie^s  way. 
vinculum,  -i  [vincio,  to  bind], 

n.,  bond,  fetter. 
vindico,    -are,    -avT,    -atus,    to 

avenge,  punish. 
vinum,  -i,  n,,  wine. 
violo,  -are,  -avi,  -fitus,  to  injure  ; 

violate. 
vir,  virT,  m.,  7nan,  husband. 
virtus,   -utis  [vir],  f.,  courage; 

virtue. 
vis    (vis),    f.,    strength,   force; 
energy;  violence. 


VOCABULARY. 


115 


viso,  -ere,  vlsi,  visus  [freq.  of 
video],  to  go  to  see,  visit. 

visum,  -!  [video],  n.,  sight,  vis- 
ion. 

visus,  -us  [video],  m.,  look; 
vision,  sight. 

vita,  -ae  [cf.  vivo],  f.,  life. 

VIVO,  -ere,  vixT,  vTctum,  to  live. 

viviis,  -a,  -mil  [cf,  vivo],  adj., 
alive,, living. 

vix,  adv.,  hardly,  with  diffi- 
culty. 

vociferor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [vox 
-f  fer5],  to  cry  out,  exclaim. 

voco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [vox],  to 
call,  summon. 

volito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  flut- 
ter; hasten. 

volnero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [vol- 
nus],  to  wound,  hurt. 

volnus,  -eris,  ii.,  wound. 

volo,  velle,  volui, ,  to  imsh, 

he  willing. 


Volsci,  -drum,  m.  pi.,  the  Vol- 
scians,  a  people  of  Latium, 
southeast  of  Rome. 

voltus,  -us,  m.,  face;  expres- 
sion. 

volucer,  -oris,  -ore,  adj.,  flying. 
As  subst.,  f.,  bird. 

volumen,  -minis,  n.,  roll ;  book, 
volume. 

voluntarius,  -a,  -um  [voluntas, 
ivill],  adj.,  voluntary. 

voluptas,  -tatis,  f.,  pleasure; 
desire. 

vos,  pers.  pro.,  pi.  of  tn, 

votum,  -i  [voveo],  n.,  vow, 
prayer,  wish. 

voveo,  -ere,  vovi,  votus,  to  vow. 

vox,  vocis,  f.,  voice;  speech. 


Xenophon,  -ontis,  m.,  Xen'o- 
phon,  an  Athenian  general 
and  writer,  b.c.  429-355. 


Announce^nent, 

THE  STUDENTS'  SERIES  OF  LATIN  CLASSICS. 

UNDER  THE   EDITORIAL  SUPERVISION   OF 

ERNEST  MONDELL   PEASE,   A.M., 

Leland  Stanford  Ju/nior  University, 

AND 

HARRY  THURSTON  PECK,  Ph.D.,  L.H.D., 

Columbia  College. 


This  Series  will  contain  the  Latin  authors  usually  read  in  Ameri- 
can schools  and  colleges,  and  also  others  well  adapted  to  class-room 
use,  but  not  as  yet  published  in  suitable  editions.  The  several 
volumes  will  be  prepared  by  special  editors,  who  will  aim  to  revise 
the  text  carefully  and  to  edit  it  in  the  most  serviceable  manner. 
Where  there  are  German  editions  of  unusual  merit,  representing 
years  of  special  study  under  the  most  favorable  circumstances, 
these  will  be  used,  with  the  consent  of  the  foreign  editor,  as  a  basis 
for  the  American  edition.  In  this  way  it  will  be  possible  to  bring 
out  text-books  of  the  highest  excellence  in  a  comparatively  short 
period  of  time. 

The  editions  will  be  of  two  kinds,  conforming  to  the  different 
methods  of  studying  Latin  in  our  best  institutions.  Some  will 
contain  in  the  introductions  and  commentary  such  a  careful  and 
minute  treatment  of  the  author's  life,  language,  and  style  as  to 
afford  the  means  for  a  thorough  appreciation  of  the  author  and  his 
place  in  Latin  literature.  Others  will  aim  merely  to  assist  the 
student  to  a  good  reading  knowledge  of  the  author,  and  will  have 
only  the  text  and  brief  explanatory  notes  at  the  bottom  of  each 
page.  The  latter  will  be  particularly  acceptable  for  sight  reading, 
and  for  rapid  reading  after  the  minute  study  of  an  author  or  period 
in  one  of  the  fuller  editions.  For  instance,  after  a  class  has  read 
a  play  or  two  of  Plautus  and  Terence  carefully,  with  special  refer- 
ence to  the  peculiarities  of  style,  language,  metres,  the  methods 
of  presenting  a  play,  and  the  like,  these  editions  will  be  admirably 
suited  for  the  rapid  reading  of  other  plays. 

The  Series  will  also  contain  various  supplementary  works  pre- 
pared by  competent  scholars.  Every  effort  will  be  made  to  give 
the  books  a  neat  and  attractive  appearance. 

1 


The  following  volumes  are  now  ready  or  in  preparation :  — 

CAESAB,  Gallic  War,  Books  I-V.    By  Harold  W.  Johnston,  Ph.D., 

Professor  iu  the  Indiana  University. 
CATULLUS,  Selections,  based  upon  the  edition  of  Riese.    By  Thomas 

B.  Lindsay,  Ph.D.,  Professor  in  Boston  University. 
CICERO,  Select  Orations.     By  B.  L.  D'Ooge,  A.M.,  Professor  in  the 

State  Normal  School,  Ypsilanti,  Mich. 

CICEBO,  De  Senectute  et  de  Amicitia.  By  Charles  E.  Bennett, 
A.M.,  Professor  in  the  Cornell  University. 

CICEBO,  Tusculan  Disputations,  Books  I  and  11.  By  Professor 
Peck. 

CICEBO,  De  Oratore,  Book  I,  based  upon  the  edition  of  Sorof.  By 
W.  B.  Owen,  Ph.D.,  Professor  in  Lafayette  College.  Ready, 

CICEBO,  Select  Letters,  based  in  part  upon  the  edition  of  Siipfle- 
Bockel.    By  Professor  Pease. 

EUTBOPIUS,  Selections.  By  Victor  So  Clark,  Lit.B.,  New  Ulm 
High  School,  Minn. 

GELLIUS,  Selections.    By  Professor  Peck. 

HOBACE,  Odes  and  Epodes.  By  Paul  Shorky,  Ph.D.,  Professor  in 
the  Chicago  University.  Nearly  Ready. 

HOBACE,  Satires  and  Epistles,  based  upon  the  edition  of  Kiessling. 
By  Jajvies  H.  Kirkland,  Ph.D.,  Professor  in  Vanderbilt  Uni- 
versity. Ready. 

IlVy,  Books  XXI  and  XXII,  based  upon  the  edition  of  Wolfflin.  By 
John  K.  Lord,  Ph.D.,  Professor  in  Dartmouth  College.        Ready. 

LIVY,  Book  I,  for  rapid  reading.    By  Professor  Lord. 

LUCBETIUS,  De  Berum  Natura,  Book  III.  By  W.  A.  Merrill,  Ph.D., 
Professor  in  the  University  of  California. 

MABTIAL,  Selections.    By  Charles  Knapp,  Ph.D.,    Professor    ii> 

Barnard  College. 
NEFOS,  for  rapid  reading.    By  Isaac  Flagg,  Ph.D.,  Professor  in  tho 

University  of  California.  Ready. 

NEPOS,  Selections.  By  J.  C.  Jones,  A.M.,  Professor  in  the  University 
of  Missouri. 

OVID,  Selections  from  the  Metamorphoses,  based  upon  the  edition  of 
Meuser-Egen.  By  B.  L.  Wiggins,  A.M.,  Professor  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  the  South. 

2 


OVID,  Selections,  for  rapid  reading.  By  A.  L.  Bondubant,  A.M., 
Professor  in  tlie  University  of  Mississippi. 

PETKONIUS,  Cena  Trimalchionis,  based  upon  the  edition  of  Biicheler. 
By  W.  E.  Waters,  Ph.D.,  President  of  Wells  College. 

PLAUTUS,  Captivi,  for  rapid  reading.    By  Grove  E.  Barber,  A.M., 

Professor  in  the  University  of  Nebraska. 

PLATITTJS,  Menaechmi,  based  upon  the  edition  of  Brix.  By  Harold 
N.  Fowler,  Ph.D.,  Professor  in  the  Western  Reserve  Univer- 
sity. Ready. 

PLINY,  Select  Letters,  for  rapid  reading.  By  Samuel  Ball  Plai- 
ner, Ph.D.,  Professor  in  the  Western  Reserve  University.    Ready. 

QUINTILIAN,  Book  X  and  Selections  from  Book  XII,  based  upon 
the  edition  of  Kriiger.  By  Carl  W.  Belser,  Ph.D.,  Professor  in 
the  University  of  Colorado. 

SALLUST,  Catiline,  based  upon  the  edition  of  Schmalz.  By  Charles 
G.  Herbermann,  Ph.D.,  LL.D.,  Professor  in  the  College  of  the 
City  of  New  York.  Ready. 

SENECA,  Select  Letters.    By  E.  C.  Winslow,  A.M. 

TACITUS,  Annals,  Book  I  and  Selections  from  Book  II,  based  upon 
the  edition  of  Nipperdey-Andresen.  By  E.  M.  Hyde,  Ph.D.,  Pro- 
fessor in  Lehigh  University. 

TACITUS,  Annals,  Book  XV.  By  J.  Everett  Brady,  Ph.D.,  Pro- 
fessor in  Smith  College. 

TACITUS,  Agricola  and  Germania,  based  upon  the  editions  of  Schwei- 
zer-Sidler  and  Drager.  By  A.  G.  Hopkins,  Ph.D.,  Professor  in 
Hamilton  College.  Ready. 

TACITUS,  Histories,  Book  I  and  Selections  from  Books  II-V,  based 
upon  the  edition  of  Wolff.  By  Edward  H.  Spieker,  Ph.D.,  Pro- 
fessor in  the  Johns  Hopkins  University. 

TERENCE,  Adelphoe,  for  rapid  reading.  By  William  L.  Cowles, 
A.M.,  Professor  in  Amherst  College.  Ready. 

TERENCE,  Phormio,  based  upon  the  edition  of  Dziatzko.  By  Her- 
bert C.  Elmer,  Ph.D.,  Assistant  Professor  in  the  Cornell  Uni- 
versity. Ready. 

TIBULLUS  AND  PROPERTIUS,  Selections,  based  upon  the  edition  of 
Jacoby.  By  Henry  F.  Burton,  A.M.,  Professor  in  the  University 
of  Rochester. 

VALERIUS  MAXIMUS,  Fifty  Selections,  for  rapid  reading.  By 
Charles  S.  Smith,  A.M.,  College  of  New  Jersey.  'Ready. 

3 


VELLEITJS  PATERCTJLUS,  Historia  Romana,  Book  II.  By  F.  e; 
RocKWOOD,  A.M.,  Professor  iu  Bucknell  University.  Ready. 

VERGIL,  Books  I-VI.  By  E.  Antoinette  Ely,  A.M.,  Hampton 
College,  and  S.  Frances  Pellett,  A.M.,  Binghamton  High 
School,  N.Y. 

VERGIL,  The  Story  of  Turnus  from  Aen.  Vll-Xn,  for  rapid  reading. 
By  Moses  Slaughter,  Ph.D.,  Professor  in  Iowa  College. 

VIRI  ROMAE,  Selections.    By  G.  M.  Whicher,  A.M.,  Packer  Col- 
.    legiate  Institute. 

LATIN  COMPOSITION,  for  college  use.  By  Walter  Miller,  A.M., 
Professor  in  the  Leland  Stanford  Jr.  University.  Beady. 

LATIN  COMPOSITION,  for  advanced  classes.  By  H.  R.  Fairclough, 
A.M.,  Professor  in  the  Leland  Stanford  Jr.  University. 

HAND-BOOK  OF  LATIN  SYNONYMS.    By  Mr.  Miller. 

A  FIRST  BOOK  IN  LATIN.  By  Hiram  Tuell,  A.M.,  Principal  of 
the  Milton  High  School,  Mass.,  and  Harold  N.  Fowler,  Ph.D., 
Western  Reserve  University.  Bendy. 

EXERCISES  IN  LATIN  COMPOSITION,  for  schools.  By  M.  Grant 
Daniell,  A.m.,  Principal  of  Chauncy-Hall  School,  Boston. 

Beady. 

THE  PRIVATE  LIFE  OF  THE  ROMANS,  a  manual  for  the  use  of 

schools  and  colleges.    By  Harriet  Waters  Preston  and  Louise 
Dodge.  Beady. 

GREEK  AND  ROMAN  MYTHOLOGY,  based  on  the  recent  work  of 
Steuding.  By  Karl  P.  Harrington,  A.M.,  Professor  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  North  Carolina,  and  Herbert  C.  Tolman,  Ph.D.,  Pro- 
fessor in  Yanderbilt  University. 

ATLAS  ANTIQUUS,  twelve  maps  of  the  ancient  world,  for  schools  and 
colleges.    By  Dr.  Henry  Kiepert,  M.R.  Acad.  Berlin.       Beady. 

Tentative  arrangements  have  been  made  for  other  books  not  ready 
to  be  announced. 


LEACH,  SHEWELL,  &  SANBORN, 

Boston,  New  York,  and  Chicago. 
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